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751.
Ben Colagiuri 《Australian psychologist》2019,54(6):466-470
The nocebo effect is a concerning phenomenon in which adverse outcomes are triggered by the treatment context. Faasse (2019) summarises recent evidence on mechanisms of the nocebo effect, proposes an updated model, and describes emerging techniques for reducing the nocebo effect. Faasse's model marks an important advance over prior models focussing only on expectancy and classical conditioning by incorporating the role of anxiety, which emerging evidence indicates can mediate the nocebo effect. The review also emphasises the importance of preventing the nocebo effect, given its resistance to extinction, as well as the need for translational research, both of which are timely points. However, the review also raises two challenges for nocebo research. The first concerns the conceptualisation of expectancy, with Faasse's model appearing to combine expectancy and verbal information into a single node. Such an approach suggests that verbal information necessarily and only elicits nocebo effects via expectancy, which may not hold true. The second concerns distinguishing genuine nocebo effects from misattribution. Faasse's review intentionally focuses only on the former, but it is argued that understanding the latter is necessary to accurately estimate the true cost of the nocebo effect as well as for prioritising interventions to minimise non-medication side effects. As such, in addition to Faasse's call for translational research—which I fully support—I propose that key nocebo research goals should be to understand how verbal information elicits nocebo effects outside of expectancy and to tease apart genuine nocebo effects and misattributed adverse symptoms. 相似文献
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Ted Ruffman Lisa Chen Ben Lorimer Sarah Vanier Kate Edgar Damian Scarf Mele Taumoepeau 《Developmental science》2023,26(4):e13343
There are two broad views of children's theory of mind. The mentalist view is that it emerges in infancy and is possibly innate. The minimalist view is that it emerges more gradually in childhood and is heavily dependent on learning. According to minimalism, children initially understand behaviors rather than mental states, and they are assisted in doing so by recognizing repeating patterns in behavior. The regularities in behavior allow them to predict future behaviors, succeed on theory-of-mind tasks, acquire mental state words, and eventually, understand the mental states underlying behavior. The present study provided the first clear evidence for the plausibility of this view by fitting head cameras to 54 infants aged 6 to 25 months, and recording their view of the world in their daily lives. At 6 and 12 months, infants viewed an average of 146.5 repeated behaviors per hour, a rate consistent with approximately 560,000 repetitions in their first year, and with repetitions correlating with children's acquisition of mental state words, even after controlling for their general vocabulary and a range of variables indexing social interaction. We also recorded infants’ view of people searching or searching for and retrieving objects. These were 92 times less common and did not correlate with mental state vocabulary. Overall, the findings indicate that repeated behaviors provide a rich source of information for children that would readily allow them to recognize patterns in behavior and help them acquire mental state words, providing the first clear evidence for this claim of minimalism.
Research Highlights
- Six- to 25-month-olds wore head cameras to record home life from infants’ point-of-view and help adjudicate between nativist and minimalist views of theory-of-mind (ToM).
- Nativists say ToM is too early developing to enable learning, whereas minimalists say infants learn to predict behaviors from behavior patterns in environment.
- Consistent with minimalism, infants had an incredibly rich exposure (146.5/h, >560,000 in first year) to repeated behaviors (e.g., drinking from a cup repeatedly).
- Consistent with minimalism, more repeated behaviors correlated with infants’ mental state vocabulary, even after controlling for gender, age, searches witnessed and non-mental state vocabulary.
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Healthcare systems need to consider not only how to prevent error, but how to respond to errors when they occur. In the United Kingdom’s National Health Service, one strand of this latter response is the ‘No Blame Culture’, which draws attention from individuals and towards systems in the process of understanding an error. Defences of the No Blame Culture typically fail to distinguish between blaming someone and holding them responsible. This article argues for a ‘responsibility culture’, where healthcare professionals are held responsible in cases of foreseeable and avoidable errors. We demonstrate how healthcare professionals can justifiably be held responsible for their errors even though they work in challenging circumstances. We then review the idea of ‘responsibility without blame’, applying this to cases of error in healthcare. Sensitive to the undesirable effects of blaming healthcare professionals and to the moral significance of holding individuals accountable, we argue that a responsibility culture has significant advantages over a No Blame Culture due to its capacity to enhance patient safety and support medical professionals in learning from their mistakes, while also recognising and validating the legitimate sense of responsibility that many medical professionals feel following avoidable error, and motivating medical professionals to report errors. 相似文献
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This article describes the psychotherapy practice of physician John G. Gehring and places it in historical context. Forgotten today, Gehring was a highly sought-after therapist from the 1890s to the 1920s by prominent figures in the arts, sciences, business, and law. He practiced a combination of work therapy, suggestion, and autosuggestion that has similarities to Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Behavioral Activation. Using biographies, memoirs, and archival records, the details of Gehring's work are reconstructed and the reasons for its success are analyzed. His invisibility in the history of psychiatry is attributed to the later dominance of Freudianism within the field. 相似文献