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41.
Beate Krickel 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2017,48(3):453-468
According to the new mechanistic approach, an acting entity is at a lower mechanistic level than another acting entity if and only if the former is a component in the mechanism for the latter. Craver and Bechtel (Biol Philos 22(4):547–563, 2007. doi: 10.1007/s10539-006-9028-8) argue that a consequence of this view is that there cannot be causal interactions between acting entities at different mechanistic levels. Their main reason seems to be what I will call the Metaphysical Argument: things at different levels of a mechanism are related as part and whole; wholes and their parts cannot be related as cause and effect; hence, interlevel causation in mechanisms is impossible. I will analyze this argument in more detail and show under which conditions it is valid. This analysis will reveal that interlevel causation in mechanisms is indeed possible, if we take seriously the idea that the relata of the mechanistic level relation are acting entities and accept a slightly modified notion of a mechanistic level that is highly plausible in the light of the first clarification. 相似文献
42.
Norbert Schwarz 《Journal of Consumer Psychology》2004,14(4):370-373
The stimulating commentaries by Huber (2004), Lee (2004), and Pham (2004) raised important questions. This response elaborates on some of their themes by addressing the assessment of naive theories, the role of expectations, the influence of metacognitive experiences on consumer choice, as well as parallels between different metacognitive experiences and moods. Receiving thoughtful and stimulating commentary from three of my favorite consumer researchers, whose work has influenced my own thinking, is a great privilege. In this response, I elaborate on some of the themes of their commentaries (Huber, 2004; Lee, 2004; Pham, 2004), although space constraints do not allow me to do full justice to their thoughts. 相似文献
43.
In an era of specialty medicine, genetic counselors are becoming increasingly focused in their service provision. The Alpha-1
Association Genetic Counseling Program, established in September 2007, specializes in confidential toll-free genetic counseling
provided by a certified genetic counselor for Alpha-1 Antitrypsin deficiency, a co-dominant condition associated with lung
and/or liver disease. The program received more than 600 callers in its first 2 years. Sixty-seven percent of new callers
were family members, carriers, or health professionals. The number of callers increased between the first 2 years, with the
greatest increases being family members and health professionals. Testing options and explanation of results encompassed 60%
of initial reasons for calls. Seventy-two percent of referrals came from family and friends, test result letters, and the
Alpha-1 Association. Between year 1 and 2 family member referrals showed the largest increase. This disease-specific genetic
counseling program provides a model that may be useful for other rare disease communities. 相似文献
44.
Images from the nanoworld are not at all disorienting or bewildering, as one might expect from contemplating the strange and
surprising features that arise where classical physics comes to an end and quantum effects begin to appear. Instead, we see
the traces of explorers in a world that appears to be infinitely malleable. The paper shows that the capability to visualize
processes and phenomena at the nanoscale is a matter not only of research technologies and the advancement of observational
techniques, but also a matter of developing a visual setting that exhibits knowledge and practice, surprise and control. The
surface is such a stage and so is the landscape: they invite us to become immersed and move around like someone who goes for
a walk. In order to appreciate this pictorial, as well as discursive, setting we turn to “strollology” as a method of reconstructing
the world that is experienced in the manner of walking. With the notion of imagescape this method is applied to the modes
of partaking in the nanoworld and its specific features. Rather than articulate theoretical or metaphysical presuppositions
these nanoscapes serve to validate the very idea of nanotechnology. 相似文献
45.
Assessment of Score Dependability of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales Using Generalizability Analysis
Beate P. Winterstein John T. Willse Thomas R. Kwapil Paul J. Silvia 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(4):575-585
To investigate the reliability of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales, this study applied generalizability analysis with two college
student samples who completed the scales at two time points. The results indicated that the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale
had acceptable levels of score dependability, but that the score dependability for the other scales (the Physical Anhedonia
Scale, the Perceptual Aberration Scale, and the Magical Ideation Scale) was below an acceptable level of .80. The patterns
of variance components suggested that the scales’ items need improvement. Researchers can use the included tables to choose
the number of items and occasions needed to get dependable score interpretations. 相似文献
46.
Vloet TD Konrad K Huebner T Herpertz S Herpertz-Dahlmann B 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2008,26(1):99-111
BACKGROUND: The developmental course of children with conduct disorder (CD) is heterogeneous. Especially children who exhibit symptoms early in their lifetimes are characterized by a negative outcome. Neurobiological aspects of CD have been investigated in these children but little is known about structural and functional brain aberrations. METHODS: We describe the developmental taxonomy of children with CD and focus on those with the early onset subtype. Structural MRI data of these children and antisocial adults are recapitulated. The impact of investigating neurobiological underpinnings of antisocial behavior and how this might contribute to future forensic and psychiatric assessments is discussed. RESULTS/ CONCLUSION: Children display similar structural aberrations of fronto-limbic structures to adults with antisocial behavior, and amygdala dysfunction might be closely related to dysregulated emotions. Though the investigation of biological factors in antisocial subjects has made great progress in recent years, today MRI is still a rather complex, expensive and indistinct method for forensic assessment. 相似文献
47.
Cultures differ in their emphasis on the two core functions of communication, conveying information and maintaining the relationship. Because answering machines primarily serve the former function, their use may show cultural differences. Leaving a message is cognitively more taxing for Japanese than Americans, as indicated by poorer performance on a secondary task (Study 1). This performance decrement reflects that Japanese allocated more cognitive resources to tailoring the message to the recipient, consistent with their culture’s higher emphasis on relationship goals. Such cross-cultural differences were not restricted to the laboratory situation. Although equally likely to own an answering machine, Japanese reported a higher rate of hanging up when reaching an answering machine than Americans (Study 2). The difficulties that Japanese experience when leaving a message on an answering machine are partly due to the lack of feedback channel. Theoretical implications are discussed. 相似文献
48.
Based on theories of attribution and suspicion, three experiments highlight the mediating role of perceived sincerity of motives in determining the effectiveness of CSR activities. CSR activities improve a company's image when consumers attribute sincere motives, are ineffective when sincerity of motives is ambiguous, and hurt the company's image when motives are perceived as insincere. Variables affecting perceived sincerity include the benefit salience of the cause, the source through which consumers learn about CSR, and the ratio of CSR contributions and CSR‐related advertising. High benefit salience of the cause hurts the company, in particular when consumers learn about it from a company source. This backfire effect can be overcome by spending more on CSR activities than on advertising that features CSR. 相似文献
49.
Guido Van Steendam Guido Van Steendam András Dinnyés Jacques Mallet Rolando Meloni Carlos Romeo Casabona Jorge Guerra González Josef Kuře Eörs Szathmáry Jan Vorstenbosch Péter Molnár David Edbrooke Judit Sándor Ferenc Oberfrank Ron Cole-Turner István Hargittai Beate Littig Miltos Ladikas Emilio Mordini Hans E. Roosendaal Maurizio Salvi Balázs Gulyás Diana Malpede 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(3):415-420
50.
In a parity-judgment task smaller numbers are responded to faster with the left-hand key and vice versa for larger numbers (SNARC effect; Dehaene et al., in Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 371-396, 1993). We used the psychological refractory period paradigm involving a parity-judgment task and tone-discrimination task to address the question at which stage this effect arises. When the parity-judgment task is performed second, then we found equal SNARC effects for the short and the long SOA. According to the central bottleneck model, this indicates that the effect arises during the response-selection or execution stage. In Experiment 2 the parity-judgment task was performed first. The pattern of results indicates that the SNARC effect originates during the perceptual encoding or response-selection. Together, our results suggest that the SNARC effect originates while the response is selected. 相似文献