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111.
There is ample evidence for a conceptual deficit in normally developing 3-year-olds' and autistic children's understanding of the mind. Recent research using nonverbal tasks has challenged this view since even 15-month-old infants appear to base their action predictions on a representation of the agent's beliefs (Onishi & Baillargeon, 2005). Our own findings from looking-time experiments indicate, however, that 16-month-olds' action predictions depend on behavioural and situational cues, rather than on a person's access to information. Further research is reviewed that indicates that 14-month-olds understand what another person can and cannot see, and that 18-month-olds predict a person's action from what she previously saw, when supported by behavioural cues. These findings support a constructivist view of a gradual understanding of conditions for knowing during the second year. The relevance of such findings for research on autism is discussed. 相似文献
112.
Beate Seibt Roland Neumann Fritz Strack 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(3):713-720
Based on the conceptualization of approach as a decrease in distance and avoidance as an increase in distance, we predicted that stimuli with positive valence facilitate behavior for either approaching the stimulus (object as reference point) or for bringing the stimulus closer (self as reference point) and that stimuli with negative valence facilitate behavior for withdrawing from the stimulus or for pushing the stimulus away. In Study 1, we found that motions to and from a computer screen where positive and negative words were presented lead to compatibility effects indicative of an object-related frame of reference. In Study 2, we replicated this finding using social stimuli with different evaluative associations (young vs. old persons). Finally, we present evidence that self vs. object reference points can be induced through instruction and thus lead to opposite compatibility effects even when participants make the same objective motion (Study 3). 相似文献
113.
Two studies tested the role of accessibility experiences and attributions in debiasing the hindsight bias. Participants listed 4 or 12 thoughts about how a college football game, or the 2000 US Presidential election, might have turned out differently. Listing 12 thoughts was experienced as difficult, suggesting to participants that there were few ways in which the event could have turned out otherwise. Hindsight biases increased under this condition, unless participants attributed the difficulty of the thought generation to their own lack of knowledge, which resulted in a trend in the opposite direction. The interplay of accessible content, accessibility experiences and attribution in mental simulation is discussed. 相似文献
114.
Dr. phil. Beate Schultz-Zehden 《Psychotherapeut》2004,49(5):350-356
The menopause is like puberty a period of life, which implies an interaction between hormonal changes and personal reorientation. In addition to the hormonal changes a variety of psychosocial changes occur. Complaints may indicate a lack of orientation in this phase. One third of German women experience a significant deterioration in life quality because of their complaints related to menopause. These women attribute their complaints mainly to their individual life-attitudes and the hormonal changes. The gynaecologist has, therefore, a high responsibility in counselling, since empirical studies have shown, that psychosocial factors like self-confidence, quality of partnership, job-satisfaction and family network substantially influence the occurrence of specific complaints and the life-quality during that time. Furthermore, social aspects are very important. The results of the German cohort study of women’s health, showing a generally better psychological well-being as compared to younger women, are remarkable in this context. The present generation of women perceive midlife positively as a period of life allowing a fresh start. 相似文献
115.
Prof. Dr. Henning Schauenburg Hans-Christoph Friederich Beate Wild Stephan Zipfel Wolfgang Herzog 《Psychotherapeut》2009,54(4):270-280
The paper presents a manual for the focal psychodynamic psychotherapy of anorexia nervosa (AN). The manual was developed in the context of the largest randomized controlled trial of outpatient psychotherapy for AN so far [Anorexia Nervosa Treatment of OutPatients (ANTOP), n=234]. The study compares focal psychodynamic psychotherapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy and with a control group with free choice of therapy outside the study. The manual comprises instructions for the working through of typical focal emotional and interpersonal issues of AN. Also recommendations for anorexia-specific therapeutic difficulties in the course of treatment are given. First results concerning the efficacy of the therapies carried out based on the manual are expected after completion of the ANTOP study in the middle of the year 2010. 相似文献
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Yvette Barthel Dipl. Psych. Peter Ullrich Prof. Dr. med em. Helmut Thom? Reinhold Schwarz 《Forum der Psychoanalyse》2009,25(2):185-198
Based on the discussion about the crisis of psychoanalysis and in particular of psychoanalytic training, 145 (female and male) analysts older than 70 years of age were interviewed about their training and professional experiences as well as about their attitudes towards psychoanalysis. This older generation is of great interest because their training generally took place prior to 1967 and preceded the introduction of guideline therapy (cost coverage by the general health insurance) and under much less formalized conditions, which can be seen almost as a contrast to the current circumstances and conditions. This research has shown that especially personal or content and value-based motivations (personal problems, therapeutic experience, interest in the subject, the desire for depth, self-realization and expansion of the situation perceived as restrictive of their former profession) were the main determining factors for the choice of career. The training analyses were, despite some exceptions, of substantial length even then (an average of 544 h), but often had a lower frequency (30% had less than 3 h per week). Since the age limitation for running a psychoanalytic practice within the general health services (formerly 68 years) is no longer compulsory, the results of this study regarding the professional life of older psychoanalysts are of special interest. Of the respondents 45% are still running their own practice and 22% are working as training analysts. 相似文献
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The hypothesis that dependency conflict is associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption when dependency needs are threatened or thwarted was tested with a sample of 672 middle-aged, married adults with college-age children. The subjects' current level of alcohol consumption was predicted based on the present level of threat to the marital relationship (assessed by reports from several family members) and on indices of dependency need and inhibition of dependent behavior estimated from sibship size, sibship density, and sibling position. A multiple regression analysis yielded a significant two-way interaction (p less than .05) between marital threat and subject sex, and a significant three-way interaction of dependency need, inhibition of dependent behavior, and marital threat. High marital threat was associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption in men and slightly lower levels of alcohol consumption in women. Additionally, when dependency need was high, alcohol consumption was generally low, except when both inhibition of dependent behavior and marital threat were high. However, when dependency need was low, the highest alcohol consumption score occurred when marital threat was low and inhibition was high. 相似文献