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191.
This essay provides a brief history and overview of the psychological, especially psychoanalytic, study of religion at Rice
University. 相似文献
192.
A dominant theme in modeling human perceptual judgments is that sensory neural activity is summed or integrated until a critical bound is reached. Such models predict that, in general, the shape of response time distributions change across conditions, although in practice, this shape change may be subtle. An alternative view is that response time distributions are shape invariant across conditions or groups. Shape invariance is predicted by some race models in which the first of several parallel fibers to communicate the signal determines the response. We competitively assess a specific gradual growth model, the one-bound diffusion model, against a natural shape-invariant competitor: shape invariance in an inverse Gaussian distribution. Assessment of subtle shape change versus shape invariance of response time distributions is aided by a Bayesian approach that allows the pooling of information across multiple participants. We find, conditional on reasonable distributional assumptions, subtle shape changes in response time that are highly concordant with a simple diffusion gradual growth model and discordant with shape invariance. 相似文献
193.
Expanding retrieval practice refers to the idea that gradually increasing the spacing interval between repeated tests ought to promote optimal long-term
retention. Belief in the superiority of this technique is widespread, but empirical support is scarce. In addition, virtually
all research on expanding retrieval has examined the learning of word pairs in paired-associate tasks. We report two experiments
in which we examined the learning of text materials with expanding and equally spaced retrieval practice schedules. Subjects
studied brief texts and recalled them in an initial learning phase. We manipulated the spacing of the repeated recall tests
and examined final recall 1 week later. Overall we found that (1) repeated testing enhanced retention more than did taking
a single test, (2) testing with feedback (restudying the passages) produced better retention than testing without feedback,
but most importantly (3) there were no differences between expanding and equally spaced schedules of retrieval practice. Repeated
retrieval enhanced long-term retention, but how the repeated tests were spaced did not matter. 相似文献
194.
Jeffrey W. Roland 《Philosophia》2010,38(1):179-193
C. S. Jenkins has recently proposed an account of arithmetical knowledge designed to be realist, empiricist, and apriorist:
realist in that what’s the case in arithmetic doesn’t rely on us being any particular way; empiricist in that arithmetic knowledge
crucially depends on the senses; and apriorist in that it accommodates the time-honored judgment that there is something special
about arithmetical knowledge, something we have historically labeled with ‘a priori’. I’m here concerned with the prospects
for extending Jenkins’s account beyond arithmetic—in particular, to set theory. After setting out the central elements of
Jenkins’s account and entertaining challenges to extending it to set theory, I conclude that a satisfactory such extension
is unlikely. 相似文献
195.
The purpose of the experiments reported in this paper was to examine the possible role of spontaneous imagery and list-specific cues on pictorial encoding effects induced by the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task. After viewing pictures and words referring to thematically related materials, by way of a picture/word source-judgement task, participants were asked to remember the way in which these materials were presented. Participants reported “seeing” pictures of items that were presented as words, an effect predicted by the imaginal activation hypothesis in its suggestion that incidental images experienced during encoding will later be mistaken as memories for pictures. Whether participants made the same picture misattributions on related lures (or non-presented related items) depended on the way in which the lures’ respective thematic lists were experienced during encoding (Experiments 1 and 2), pointing to the effects of list-specific cues in picture/word judgements. These findings have intriguing implications for interpretations of picture-encoding effects induced by the DRM task. The findings also speak to the use of DRM false-memory rates when marshalling evidence against the use of imagery in applied settings. 相似文献
196.
Jeffrey Anastasi Matthew Rhodes Susana Marquez Veronica Velino 《Memory (Hove, England)》2013,21(8):815-828
The current study consisted of four experiments that utilised a novel approach to investigating false memories. Each of the experiments in the current study investigated individuals with varying experience with different languages. Experiment 1 tested participants in both their native and secondary languages as well as monolingual English speakers, while Experiment 2 assessed native Spanish speakers using both English and Spanish associative lists. Experiment 3 examined the illusory memories in monolingual Spanish speakers in both English and Spanish, while Experiment 4 investigated false memories in monolingual English speakers in both English and Spanish. Results indicated that memory for list items and critical lures was greatest when the lists were presented in the participants' primary language. Results can be explained by either activation-based or fuzzy-trace theories. 相似文献
197.
Marilyn Huckans Lee Hutson Elizabeth Twamley Amy Jak Jeffrey Kaye Daniel Storzbach 《Neuropsychology review》2013,23(1):63-80
To evaluate the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation therapies (CRTs) for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Our review revealed a need for evidence-based treatments for MCI and a lack of a theoretical rehabilitation model to guide the development and evaluation of these interventions. We have thus proposed a theoretical rehabilitation model of MCI that yields key intervention targets–cognitive compromise, functional compromise, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and modifiable risk and protective factors known to be associated with MCI and dementia. Our model additionally defines specific cognitive rehabilitation approaches that may directly or indirectly target key outcomes–restorative cognitive training, compensatory cognitive training, lifestyle interventions, and psychotherapeutic techniques. Fourteen randomized controlled trials met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Studies markedly varied in terms of intervention approaches and selected outcome measures and were frequently hampered by design limitations. The bulk of the evidence suggested that CRTs can change targeted behaviors in individuals with MCI and that CRTs are associated with improvements in objective cognitive performance, but the pattern of effects on specific cognitive domains was inconsistent across studies. Other important outcomes (i.e., daily functioning, quality of life, neuropsychiatric symptom severity) were infrequently assessed across studies. Few studies evaluated long-term outcomes or the impact of CRTs on conversion rates from MCI to dementia or normal cognition. Overall, results from trials are promising but inconclusive. Additional well-designed and adequately powered trials are warranted and required before CRTs for MCI can be considered evidence-based. 相似文献
198.
Sounds that are equivalent in all aspects except for their temporal envelope are perceived differently. Sounds with rising temporal envelopes are perceived as louder, longer, and show a greater change in loudness throughout their duration than sounds with falling temporal envelopes. Stecker and Hafter (2000) proposed that participants ignore the decay portion of sounds with falling temporal envelopes to account for observed loudness differences, but there is no empirical evidence support this hypothesis. To test this idea, two duration-matching experiments were performed. One experiment used broadband noise and the other natural stimuli. Different groups of participants were given different instruction sets asking them to (1) simply match the duration or (2) include all aspects of the sounds. Both experiments produced the same result. The first instruction set, which represented participants' natural biases, yielded shorter subjective durations for sounds with falling temporal envelopes than for sounds with rising temporal envelopes. By contrast, asking participants to include all aspects of the sounds significantly reduced the size of the asymmetry in subjective duration, a result that supports Stecker and Hafter's hypothesis. This segregation of the stimulus at the perceptual level is consistent with observed asymmetries in loudness change and overall loudness for sounds with rising and falling temporal envelopes, but it does not account for the entire effect. The remaining portion of the effect, after considering biases due to instructions, is not likely a result of adaptation but could be associated with persistence. The amount of persistence was inferred from behavioral masking data obtained for these sounds. 相似文献
199.
The purpose of this study was to examine theater actors' experiences of flow and their motivational characteristics. Forty theater students completed revised versions of the Flow State Scale and the Sport Motivation Scale. Participants viewed theater as very challenging, and they performed at a high skill level when having an optimal performance, which occurred almost four times a year. Participants were strongly motivated to participate in theater because the experience of acting was stimulating and exciting. Theater performers also were motivated to perform, to a lesser degree, by external reasons. Patterns of correlations supported the theoretical foundations underlying both flow and motivation. Finally, MANOVA results indicated gender differences and undergraduate versus graduate student status differences. 相似文献
200.
Jillian O'Rourke Jeffrey Barnes Anna Deaton Kristopher Fulks Kristina Ryan David A. Rettinger 《Ethics & behavior》2013,23(1):47-64
What effect does witnessing other students cheat have on one's own cheating behavior? What roles do moral attitudes and neutralizing attitudes (justifications for behavior) play when deciding to cheat? The present research proposes a model of academic dishonesty which takes into account each of these variables. Findings from experimental (vignette) and survey methods determined that seeing others cheat increases cheating behavior by causing students to judge the behavior less morally reprehensible, not by making rationalization easier. Witnessing cheating also has unique effects, controlling for other variables. 相似文献