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101.
Diane M. Reddy Andrew Baum Raymond Fleming John R. Aiello 《Journal of applied social psychology》1981,11(6):529-537
Past research has indicated that three-person groups are more likely to produce isolates than two-person groups, with isolates experiencing the greatest difficulties, least confidence, and most intense crowding stress. The present study extended these findings by examining the role of coalition formation as a mediator of social density in three- and four-person groups using a survey technique. As expected, coalition formation between two roommates, resulting in one or more isolates, was more likely to occur in three-person than four-person groups. Consistent with previous research, isolates in both three- and four-person groups reported more crowding, more somatic complaints, dissatisfaction with room and roommates, difficulty in maintaining control, and less confidence in their ability to regulate social interaction than nonisolates. Tripled isolates, however, consistently reported more significant feelings of not being understood by roommates and loneliness, as well as greater exclusion from group decisions, more extreme difficulties in maintaining control and regulating social interaction, and more intense crowding stress. Counterintuitively, with an increase in group size from three to four, reported crowding stress did not increase. Implications for group dynamic processes in ameliorating some of the problems associated with crowding stress are discussed. 相似文献
102.
Baum WM 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1973,20(3):313-322
Pigeons' standing on one or the other side of a chamber was reinforced with timeout from electric shock on two concurrent variable-interval schedules. For two pigeons, the ratio of time spent on the left to time spent on the right approximately matched the ratio of timeouts obtained on the left to timeouts obtained on the right. The data of two other birds deviated from this relation, although in opposite directions. Overall, the results suggest that reduction in rate of electric shock plays a role in behavioral allocation analogous to that played by rate of positive reinforcement. It appears possible to describe aversive control and positive control within the same conceptual framework—that provided by the matching relation. 相似文献
103.
104.
Avoidance behavior in animals and man is contrasted in the context of “flooding” or “response prevention”. Some experimentally established parameters affecting fear reduction in rats are examined with a view to their relevance in modifying phobic behavior in man. Two case reports of patients treated by flooding are cited to illustrate the absence of avoidance or escape responses when these patients were exposed to situations they considered highly anxiety arousing before treatment. 相似文献
105.
106.
Andrew Baum Anne Shapiro Darlene Murray Margaret V. Wideman 《Journal of applied social psychology》1979,9(6):491-504
The role of interpersonal relationships in mediating the experience of crowding and loss of personal control was investigated in dormitory environments housing two or three students in bedroom units. A combination of survey, observational, and laboratory techniques was used to explore the formation of 2-person coalitions in tripled housing and subsequent problems created for the third, "left-out" roommate. Data strongly suggested that the aversiveness and loss of control previously associated with tripled residential settings may be more plausibly attributed to the inherent instability of 3-person groups and the loss of control associated with being excluded from group activities. In most of the tripled rooms studied, 2-person coalitions formed and most of the crowding and negative affect reported were expressed by the third roommate, who felt left out by the others. Residents of doubled rooms and members of coalitions in tripled rooms did not differ from one another on most dimensions. 相似文献
107.
Subjects were required to judge which of two straight-line distances was shorter in the context of a speeded-response task. In the “memory” condition of the experiment, these distances corresponded to imagined distances between geographic landmarks; in the “perception” condition, the distances were displayed visually for subjects to examine. The data were analyzed by examining patterns of latencies and errors as a function of the similarities between the two distances on each trial. These data suggest that different mechanisms mediate the comparison of distances retrieved from memory as compared to perceived distances. 相似文献
108.
109.
110.
Stress, intrusive imagery, and chronic distress 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
A Baum 《Health psychology》1990,9(6):653-675
Discusses the nature of stress in the context of problems with its definition and sources of confusion regarding its usefulness and specificity. Stress can be defined as a negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, and behavioral changes that are directed toward adaptation either by manipulating the situation to alter the stressor or by accommodating its effects. Chronic stress is more complex than most definitions suggest and is clearly not limited to situations in which stressors persist for long periods of time. Responses may habituate before a stressor disappears or may persist long beyond the physical presence of the stressor. This latter case, in which chronic stress and associated biobehavioral changes outlast their original cause, is considered in light of research at Three Mile Island and among Vietnam veterans. The role of intrusive images of the stressor or uncontrollable thoughts about it in maintaining stress is explored. 相似文献