Interactions between cognition and emotion during response inhibition

Cognition and emotion interact to determine ongoing behaviors. In this study, we investigated the interaction between cognition and emotion during response inhibition using the stop-signal task. In Experiment 1, low-threat stop-signals comprising fearful and happy face pictures were employed. We found that both fearful and happy faces improved response inhibition relative to neutral ones. In Experiment 2, we employed high-threat emotional stimuli as stop signals, namely stimuli previously paired with mild shock. In this case, inhibitory performance was impaired relative to a neutral condition. We interpret these findings in terms of the impact of emotional stimuli on early sensory/attentional processing, which resulted in improved performance (Experiment 1), and in terms of their impact at more central stages, which impaired performance (Experiment 2). Taken together, our findings demonstrate that emotion can either enhance or impair cognitive performance depending on the emotional potency of the stimuli involved.     

Erscheinungsformen und Ursachen von Amoktaten aus kriminologischer,forensisch-psychiatrischer und forensisch-psychologischer Sicht

Cases of running amok are intentional, accomplished and attempted multiple homicides by which mass murder is generally carried out by a single offender, motivated by anger, hate and revenge, attacking defined or randomly selected victims. The offender intends to become famous and in many cases commits suicide after the attack. Young offenders up to the age of 24 years old differ from the heterogeneous group of adults. Within a core group of young offenders personality disorders and behavioral problems are the main cause of the attacks. A quiet, reclusive and always somewhat strange loner has a deep feeling of alienation, feels offended and disregarded, identifies with perpetrators and stages the crime as revenge for subjectively experienced insults. Schizotypal, paranoid and narcissistic aspects dominate. The offenders are not characterized by patterns of impulsive, aggressive or dissocial behavior.     

Family Structure: Its Effects on Adolescent Attachment and Identity Formation

This quantitative study examines the association between family structure, attachment, and identity formation. Results partially support the hypotheses and indicate that unresolved spouse conflict is associated with low levels of attachment in adolescents and attachment to father is linked to identity achieved and the diffused identity status. Lastly, parental coalition was inversely related to the moratorium and diffused identity statuses. These findings support a link between parent/adolescent relationships and the identity formation process. Directions for future research and clinical implications are also discussed.     

Leader-Member Exchange and Employee Creativity: Test of a Multilevel Moderated Mediation Model

Using multisource data, this article examined the relationship of two types of employee perceptions of overall fairness (i.e., fairness of the organization and fairness of the department), with supervisor ratings of in-role task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). We also examined whether high-quality leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships compensate for negative effects of fairness on job performance and citizenship behaviors. Focusing on a sample of 154 health care workers, we found that only employee perceptions of overall fairness regarding the department were related to supervisory ratings of OCB and in-role task performance. Moreover, LMX moderated the relationships between fairness perceptions and (a) task performance, (b) organization-focused OCB, but not (c) individual-focused OCB. We discuss implications for research and the potential for reducing negative effects of low fairness perceptions on job performance through positive LMX.     

Construction of a more coherent story: Prior verbal recall predicts later verbal accessibility of early memories

The question of whether early event memories are later accessible for verbal report is of major interest to those concerned with mnemonic processes. In a controlled laboratory study, we examined this question in children 16 and 20 months of age at the time of exposure to event sequences in the context of an elicited-imitation paradigm and who were subsequently tested for memory for the events at delays of 1, 3, 6, 9, or 12 months, and again at the age of 36 months. Stepwise regressions revealed that the number of mnemonic utterances elicited by direct interview at 36 months is predicted by the number of spontaneous mnemonic utterances at the first delayed recall session. Language abilities at exposure were not predictive of verbal report at 36 months of age. Thus, variables from the most recent exposure were of more import than were variables from the time of the initial experience of the events.     

Enacting support within church communities for people living with HIV or AIDS

Social support is important in managing HIV and AIDS. Some people living with HIV or AIDS (PLWHA) have sought support from churches, despite their reputation for stigmatising PLWHA. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 PLWHA and 21 church leaders to identify ways that churches can effectively enact support for PLWHA through improved communication about HIV, AIDS, and related issues. Church leaders also were asked about the institutional barriers to enacting support for PLWHA. Implementing these strategies consistently and holistically will require intentional efforts to address the barriers within church organisations to create environments that are welcoming to and supportive of PLWHA.     

Abstract: Adequacy of Semiparametric Approximations for Growth Models with Nonnormal Random Effects

Abstract

Conventional growth models assume that the random effects describing individual trajectories are conditionally normal. In practice, this assumption may often be unrealistic. As an alternative, Nagin (2005) Nagin, D. 2005. Group-based modeling of development, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] suggested a semiparametric group-based approach (SPGA) which approximates an unknown, continuous distribution of individual trajectories with a mixture of group trajectories.

Prior simulations (Brame, Nagin, &; Wasserman, 2006 Brame, R., Nagin, D. and Wasserman, L. 2006. Exploring some analytical characteristics of finite mixture models.. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22: 31–59. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Nagin, 2005 Nagin, D. 2005. Group-based modeling of development, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) indicated that SPGA could generate nearly-unbiased estimates of means and variances of a nonnormal distribution of individual trajectories, as functions of group-trajectory estimates. However, these studies used few random effects—usually only a random intercept. Based on the analytical relationship between SPGA and adaptive quadrature, we hypothesized that SPGA's ability to approximate (a) random effect variances/covariances and (b) effects of time-invariant predictors of growth should deteriorate as the dimensionality of the random effects distribution increases. We expected this problem to be mitigated by correlations among the random effects (highly correlated random effects functioning as fewer dimensions) and sample size (larger N supporting more groups).

We tested these hypotheses via simulation, varying the number of random effects (1, 2, or 3), correlation among the random effects (0 or .6), and N (250, 500). Results indicated that, as the number of random effects increased, SPGA approximations remained acceptable for fixed effects, but became increasingly negatively biased for random effect variances. Whereas correlated random effects and larger N reduced this underestimation, correlated random effects sometimes distorted recovery of predictor effects. To illustrate this underestimation, Figure 1 depicts SPGA's approximation of the intercept variance from a three correlated random effect generating model (N < eqid1 > 500). These results suggest SPGA approximations are inadequate for the nonnormal, high-dimensional distributions of individual trajectories often seen in practice.

Abstract: Adequacy of Semiparametric Approximations for Growth Models with Nonnormal Random Effects

All authors

Sonya K. Sterba, Ruth E. Mathiowetz &; Daniel J. Bauer

https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170802640509

Published online:

18 December 2008

FIGURE 1 SPGA-approximated intercept variance from a three correlated random effect generating model. Notes. The dashed horizontal lines denote + 10% bias. The solid horizontal line denotes the population-generating parameter value; * denotes the best-BIC selected number of groups. The vertical bars denote 90% confidence intervals.     

218.

Understanding the emotional past: relations between parent and child contributions in emotionally negative and nonnegative events     

Burch MM  Austin J  Bauer PJ 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2004,89(4):276-297

The past event conversations of 33 mothers with their 3-year-old children (18 girls and 15 boys) were selected from a larger sample based on their discussion of negative events. Negative events included both those that were negative in topic and those that contained negative incidents but were otherwise positively themed. Within-subjects comparisons were made between the negative events and a neutral or positive event. There were few differences in how mothers and their children talked about negative and nonnegative events. Children did include more interpretations (internal state and causal references) in their negative event conversations. For both event types, mothers who talked more about the past events had children who reported more. When maternal talkativeness was controlled, involving children in the negative event conversations through deflecting the conversational turn predicted children's total contributions and number of interpretations. Repeating information and requests for information while constraining the topic was negatively related to the number of details children reported for nonnegative past events. Conversations about minor negative experiences demonstrate that mothers can influence children's involvement in discussions and understanding of the past.     

219.

Internetchatgruppen in Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik     

Dr. H. Kordy  V. Golkaramnay  M. Wolf  S. Haug  S. Bauer 《Psychotherapeut》2006,51(2):144-153

Zusammenfassung  In Zusammenarbeit mit der Techniker Krankenkasse (TK) und der Panorama-Fachklinik für Psychosomatik, Psychotherapeutische Medizin und Naturheilverfahren Scheidegg/Allgäu hat die Forschungsstelle für Psychotherapie das Projekt Internetbrücke initiiert. Die Patienten erhielten im Anschluss an ihre stationäre Behandlung das Angebot, für 12–15 Wochen an einer Gruppe teilzunehmen, die sich in einem speziell eingerichteten Chatraum wöchentlich traf. Das Projekt hatte die Ziele: (a) eine geeignete Internetumgebung für eine vertrauliche Kommunikation aufzubauen und deren Praktikabilität zu testen sowie (b) die Akzeptanz durch die Patienten und die Wirksamkeit zu evaluieren. Zur Evaluation wurde eine prospektive kontrollierte Studie durchgeführt. Chatteilnehmer (n=114) wurden mit einer gematchten Vergleichsgruppe (n=114) hinsichtlich ihres Gesundheitszustands ein halbes Jahr nach der Klinikentlassung verglichen. Die Technik erwies sich als robust und nutzerfreundlich. Das Angebot wurde sehr positiv von den Patienten aufgenommen; dies drückte sich u. a. in der niedrigen Abbruchrate (9,4%) und der hohen Akzeptanz (83,7% der Chatteilnehmer hielten eine Internetbrücke für sinnvoll) aus. Die Chatteilnehmer konnten die während der stationären Behandlung erreichten positiven Entwicklungen – gemessen mit dem globalen Kriterium der Stuttgart-Heidelberger Qualitätssicherung – besser erhalten als die Vergleichsgruppe (p<0,05). Es zeigten sich Vorteile für die Chatteilnehmer im Hinblick auf das psychische Befinden, während die Unterschiede im körperlichen Befinden eher gering waren. Die Konsequenzen für die psychosoziale Versorgung werden diskutiert.

H. KordyEmail:

     

220.

Local solutions in the estimation of growth mixture models     

Hipp JR  Bauer DJ 《心理学方法》2006,11(1):36-53

Finite mixture models are well known to have poorly behaved likelihood functions featuring singularities and multiple optima. Growth mixture models may suffer from fewer of these problems, potentially benefiting from the structure imposed on the estimated class means and covariances by the specified growth model. As demonstrated here, however, local solutions may still be problematic. Results from an empirical case study and a small Monte Carlo simulation show that failure to thoroughly consider the possible presence of local optima in the estimation of a growth mixture model can sometimes have serious consequences, possibly leading to adoption of an inferior solution that differs in substantively important ways from the actual maximum likelihood solution. Often, the defaults of current software need to be overridden to thoroughly evaluate the parameter space and obtain confidence that the maximum likelihood solution has in fact been obtained.     

[首页] « 上一页 [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] 22 [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] 下一页 » 末  页»

Understanding the emotional past: relations between parent and child contributions in emotionally negative and nonnegative events

The past event conversations of 33 mothers with their 3-year-old children (18 girls and 15 boys) were selected from a larger sample based on their discussion of negative events. Negative events included both those that were negative in topic and those that contained negative incidents but were otherwise positively themed. Within-subjects comparisons were made between the negative events and a neutral or positive event. There were few differences in how mothers and their children talked about negative and nonnegative events. Children did include more interpretations (internal state and causal references) in their negative event conversations. For both event types, mothers who talked more about the past events had children who reported more. When maternal talkativeness was controlled, involving children in the negative event conversations through deflecting the conversational turn predicted children's total contributions and number of interpretations. Repeating information and requests for information while constraining the topic was negatively related to the number of details children reported for nonnegative past events. Conversations about minor negative experiences demonstrate that mothers can influence children's involvement in discussions and understanding of the past.     

Internetchatgruppen in Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik

Zusammenfassung  In Zusammenarbeit mit der Techniker Krankenkasse (TK) und der Panorama-Fachklinik für Psychosomatik, Psychotherapeutische Medizin und Naturheilverfahren Scheidegg/Allgäu hat die Forschungsstelle für Psychotherapie das Projekt Internetbrücke initiiert. Die Patienten erhielten im Anschluss an ihre stationäre Behandlung das Angebot, für 12–15 Wochen an einer Gruppe teilzunehmen, die sich in einem speziell eingerichteten Chatraum wöchentlich traf. Das Projekt hatte die Ziele: (a) eine geeignete Internetumgebung für eine vertrauliche Kommunikation aufzubauen und deren Praktikabilität zu testen sowie (b) die Akzeptanz durch die Patienten und die Wirksamkeit zu evaluieren. Zur Evaluation wurde eine prospektive kontrollierte Studie durchgeführt. Chatteilnehmer (n=114) wurden mit einer gematchten Vergleichsgruppe (n=114) hinsichtlich ihres Gesundheitszustands ein halbes Jahr nach der Klinikentlassung verglichen. Die Technik erwies sich als robust und nutzerfreundlich. Das Angebot wurde sehr positiv von den Patienten aufgenommen; dies drückte sich u. a. in der niedrigen Abbruchrate (9,4%) und der hohen Akzeptanz (83,7% der Chatteilnehmer hielten eine Internetbrücke für sinnvoll) aus. Die Chatteilnehmer konnten die während der stationären Behandlung erreichten positiven Entwicklungen – gemessen mit dem globalen Kriterium der Stuttgart-Heidelberger Qualitätssicherung – besser erhalten als die Vergleichsgruppe (p<0,05). Es zeigten sich Vorteile für die Chatteilnehmer im Hinblick auf das psychische Befinden, während die Unterschiede im körperlichen Befinden eher gering waren. Die Konsequenzen für die psychosoziale Versorgung werden diskutiert.

Local solutions in the estimation of growth mixture models

Finite mixture models are well known to have poorly behaved likelihood functions featuring singularities and multiple optima. Growth mixture models may suffer from fewer of these problems, potentially benefiting from the structure imposed on the estimated class means and covariances by the specified growth model. As demonstrated here, however, local solutions may still be problematic. Results from an empirical case study and a small Monte Carlo simulation show that failure to thoroughly consider the possible presence of local optima in the estimation of a growth mixture model can sometimes have serious consequences, possibly leading to adoption of an inferior solution that differs in substantively important ways from the actual maximum likelihood solution. Often, the defaults of current software need to be overridden to thoroughly evaluate the parameter space and obtain confidence that the maximum likelihood solution has in fact been obtained.