Food and life,pleasure and worry,among American college students: gender differences and regional similarities

Questionnaires on food attitudes and behavior were completed by 2,200 American undergraduates from 6 regionally dispersed college campuses. Results indicate that a substantial minority of women and a much smaller minority of men have major concerns about eating and food with respect to both weight and health. Overall, 14% of women reported being embarrassed to buy a chocolate bar in the store. A 6-factor structure emerged: weight concern, diet and health orientation, beliefs about the diet-health link, food negativity/importance of food as a source of pleasure in life, eating disordered behaviors, and natural/vegetarian food preferences. There were surprisingly few regional differences, virtually none if race and social class were taken into account. Gender was the strongest predictor of responses.     

Formal,systematic, and metasystematic operations with a balance-beam task series: A reply to Kallio's claim of no distinct systematic stage

This reply discusses the measurement of formal, systematic, and metasystematic stages. Recent multidomain studies have shown disparate results and we suggest that these results could be attributed not to actual variations in adult development or the existence or non-existence of stage, but instead may reflect differences in methodology regarding task, domain, and scoring. Our study indicates that when tested in only one domain—balance beams and extensions of those tasks—participants who performed at the higher stage were also able to perform at the lower stages. These results also coincide with similar studies conducted.     

Autonomic and behavioral evidence of "implicit" memory in amnesia

A profoundly amnesic patient with a left retrosplenial-fornix lesion was tested on a recognition task that evaluated both verbal and electrodermal aspects of new learning. In addition, "implicit memory" tasks (mirror reading and perceptual identification) were given. The patient displayed strong evidence of learning on all tasks although the results of this learning were not represented in explicit recall or recognition. These findings suggest that autonomic as well as behavioral evidence can index spared memory functions in amnesia. The specific meaning of electrodermal recognition and its possible place in the distinction between implicit and explicit memory is discussed.     

Psychosocial management of glioma patients treated with combined therapy

Based on an empirical study it is pointed out that psychosocial care of patients with glioma differs in some points from that of other cancer patients. The first essential difference is that the emotional involvement of the care staff is not as intensive as those of other cancer patients. Other differences concern some illness- and therapy related effects such as family problems or monotony problems resulting from the longterm therapy. These specific problems are described in detail.     

The homosexual subculture at worship: A participant observation study

The author worked for ten months as Director of Christian Education at a church serving the homophile community of a large metropolitan area. Using the method of participant observation, he concluded that the group is attempting to solve two problems centering on their sexual orientation and their religious needs. Past social conditioning has told the group that they cannot be bothChristian andhomosexual. The group resolves this cognitive dissonance by emphasizing the message that God loves all men, including homosexuals. This religious message is, contrary to expectations, expressed in theologically conservative language.     

Transfer effects in isomorphic problem situations

The results of a recent experiment to assess the relationship between human problem solving behaviour and the structural properties of certain problems are presented. The results suggest that human performance in a problem-solving task is significantly influenced by immediately prior experience on a different but structurally identical problem. Specifically, transfer effects are demonstrated across two problems of isomorphic structure.     

Experiments on the spelling-to-sound regularity effect in word recognition

University of California, San Diego, California 92037 Subjects responded faster to words with regular spelling-to-sound correspondences than to words with irregular correspondences in both a naming task and a lexical decision task. The locus of the small, but significant, regularity effect was investigated in further experiments. When subjects were forced to respond faster than usual, via a response-deadline technique, no regularity effect was apparent in either their reaction times or error rates. In another experiment, no Regularity by Stimulus Quality interaction was obtained. It was concluded that the phonological recoding implied by the existence of the regularity effect takes place subsequent to lexical access.     

Personal reflections on participant observation as a methodology in the social sciences

The author discusses the value of participant observation as a methodology in the social sciences. From ten years of experience he has culled both academic and personal reflections. The author discusses participant observation as anthropological fieldwork, alterations in perceptions and internalization of methodology, increased self awareness and an increased sense of finiteness.Dr. Paul F. Bauer is Dean of Student Services and Professor of Philosophy at Cecil Community College North East, MD 21901. This article is revised from a guest lecture at the Iliff School of Theology, March 11, 1982.     

Goldberg revisited: What's in an author's name

The present research was a replication and extension of Goldberg's 1968 study of performance evaluation. 360 college students (180 male; 180 female) were asked to evaluate an academic article in the fields of politics, psychology of women or education (judged masculine, feminine, and neutral, respectively) that was written either by a male, female, or an author whose name was initialized. Results indicated that the articles were differentially perceived and evaluated according to the name of the author. An article written by a male was evaluated more favorably than if the author was not male. Subjects' bias against women was stronger when they believed the author with the initialized name was female.