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121.
Ben Bauer 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2017,79(8):2510-2522
The present experiment investigated performance in perceptual averaging of line ensembles during maintenance of minimal and near-span memory loads of digits. Observers memorized a four-to-seven digit number (high load) or a zero (low load) prior to a brief exposure (500 ms) of an ensemble of nine horizontal lines of various lengths. A subsequent probe line was then classified by observers as greater than or less than the ensemble average length followed by serial recall of the memory load. Slope analysis of the psychometric functions relating p(”greater than”) and the probe to ensemble-mean-size-ratio showed an advantage (steeper slope and therefore smaller threshold) for averaging under high-load compared with low-load conditions. Reaction time analysis indicated that faster probe responses were more accurate than slower responses. 相似文献
122.
Heathe?Luz?McNaughton ReyesEmail author Vangie?A.?Foshee Daniel?J.?Bauer Susan?T.?Ennett 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(2):239-250
The current study examined the role of heavy alcohol use in the developmental process of desistance in physical dating aggression
during adolescence. Using longitudinal data spanning grades 8 through 12 we tested the hypotheses that (a) higher levels of
early heavy alcohol use would be associated with decreased deceleration from dating aggression during late adolescence and
(b) higher levels of heavy alcohol use during time-points in late adolescence would be contemporaneously associated with elevated
levels of dating aggression at those same time points. Contrary to expectations, findings indicate that the effects of both
early and continuing heavy alcohol use on dating aggression were strong during early adolescence but tended to diminish over
time. Unexpectedly, the contemporaneous effects of alcohol use on dating aggression were stronger in the spring than in the
fall semesters. Implications for prevention and for understanding developmental relations between the two behaviors are discussed. 相似文献
123.
Previous research has suggested that infants may have more robust memory for past experiences relative to memory for locations that have been encountered previously. This assertion, however, primarily results from the comparison of data that were collected using different experimental procedures. In the present study, we examined memory for events and memory for locations in the context of elicited imitation. Specifically, 13-, 16-, and 20-month-old infants were tested for long-term memory for events and locations after between-subjects delays of 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The results indicated that the event memory was retained over lengthier delays relative to the location memory, despite superior encoding of location information. The possible adaptive significance of long-term memory for events ontogenetically preceding long-term memory for locations is discussed. 相似文献
124.
Episodic and autobiographical memory are clearly related, yet in both the adult and developmental literatures it is difficult to compare them because of differences in how the constructs are assessed, including differences in content, levels of control, and time since experience. To address these issues, we directly compared children's and adults' autobiographical and episodic memory using the same controlled paradigm. Participants engaged in a photo-taking activity in a museum (autobiographical encoding) and viewed others' photographs of the same museum exhibits (episodic encoding). At test, participants classified photos as ones they took, viewed, or novel. In the autobiographical condition older children and adults performed similarly; younger children's performance was lower than adults'. In contrast, in the episodic condition both groups of children performed more poorly than adults. The findings suggest the developmental primacy of autobiographical relative to episodic memory, and that traditional episodic tasks may underestimate older children's declarative memory abilities. 相似文献
125.
Danielle O. Dean Daniel J. Bauer Mitchell J. Prinstein 《Multivariate behavioral research》2017,52(3):271-289
A social network perspective can bring important insight into the processes that shape human behavior. Longitudinal social network data, measuring relations between individuals over time, has become increasingly common—as have the methods available to analyze such data. A friendship duration model utilizing discrete-time multilevel survival analysis with a multiple membership random effect structure is developed and applied here to study the processes leading to undirected friendship dissolution within a larger social network. While the modeling framework is introduced in terms of understanding friendship dissolution, it can be used to understand microlevel dynamics of a social network more generally. These models can be fit with standard generalized linear mixed-model software, after transforming the data to a pair-period data set. An empirical example highlights how the model can be applied to understand the processes leading to friendship dissolution between high school students, and a simulation study is used to test the use of the modeling framework under representative conditions that would be found in social network data. Advantages of the modeling framework are highlighted, and potential limitations and future directions are discussed. 相似文献
126.
Mark Bauer 《Erkenntnis》2010,73(1):41-53
It has been suggested that a functionalist understanding of the metaphysics of psychological typing eliminates the prospect
for psychological laws. Kim, Millikan, and Shapiro have each separately argued that, if psychological types as functional
types are multiply realized, then the diversity of realizing mechanisms demonstrates that there can be no laws of psychology.
Additionally, Millikan has argued that the role of functional attribution in the explanation of historical kinds limits the
formulation of psychological principles to particular taxa; hence, psychological laws applicable to any cognitive being are
not possible. Both arguments against the possibility of psychological laws, I want to suggest, only succeed at showing that
certain types of empirical principles will not be laws. I will suggest that a further type of empirical principle, grounded
in the general constraints on the sustainability of population types, remains in the running as a candidate law. Importantly,
the formulation of these principles presupposes a functionalist understanding of psychological typing. 相似文献
127.
Sebastian Schleidgen Michael C. Jungert Robert H. Bauer 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2010,13(1):59-71
During the 1980s, empirical social sciences and normative theory seemingly converged within ethical debates. This tendency
kindled new debates about the limits and possibilities of empirical-normative collaboration. The article asks for adequate
ways of collaboration by taking a closer look at the philosophy of science of empirical social sciences as well as normative
theory development and its logical groundings. As a result, three possible modes of cooperation are characterized: first,
the empirical assessment of conditions that actually necessitate the translation of normatively derived basic principles into
practice rules; second, the empirical assessment of conditions for application of a moral norm which are formulated by bridging
principles; third, the empirical assessment of social practice which allows (a) to measure whether adopted norms actually
are implemented in practice or not and (b) to encounter new moral problems which are in need of ethical guidance. Finally,
the article defends a symbiotic position in Weaver’s and Trevino's triad of possible approaches to empirical-normative collaboration
in ethics. 相似文献
128.
The perception of a face allows us to recognize the person, infer his or her emotional state, better understand what the person is saying, and derive general information, such as age and gender. This unique visual stimulus has generated a wealth of research, and subsequently theoretical and methodological debate. This special issue brings together 16 original papers that show the extraordinary diversity and fruitfulness of the approaches now being pursued. They are aimed at understanding different aspects of face perception in populations ranging from healthy children to adults with brain lesions and with techniques covering the entire spectrum from paper‐and‐pencil tests to functional brain imaging. Together, these contributions provide an insightful overview of the current state of research on face perception and exemplify the questions that dominate the field. To one such question, whether ‘face perception’ is a special issue in the broad field of the cognitive neurosciences, the answer is clearly yes! 相似文献
129.
130.
Larkina M Evren Güler O Kleinknecht E Bauer PJ 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2008,100(4):235-251
Strategic remembering emerges gradually during the preschool years. Socialization practices, specifically mother–child social interactions, might provide the foundation for the development of skills necessary for effective organization of information in memory. In the current study, 48 mothers and their 40-month-olds were engaged in the process of remembering (i.e., study and recall) categorically related picture stimuli in a laboratory context. Children’s recall was reliably predicted by the way in which mothers structured both the study and recall periods of the deliberate memory task. Specifically, maternal verbal and physical behaviors that focused on organization of items, such as sorting items into distinct groups and providing the name of a category, were most beneficial in supporting children’s memory. Moreover, some mothers employed a number of different mnemonic techniques that emphasized categorical connections among items, suggesting systematic approaches in the manner in which mothers help children to learn effective ways of remembering. 相似文献