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81.
82.
Clifford L. Broman V. Lee Hamilton William S. Hoffman Roya Mavaddat 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(6):813-842
A three-wave panel study of auto plant closings focused on the mental health effects of unemployment on blue-collar workers.
This paper explores how the impact of long-term unemployment varies across race and gender. We also examine whether other
demographic factors can themselves modify the impactsof race and gender. Dependent variables include two measures of distress
and two drinking measures. Results showed that the effect of long-term unemployment on distress and drinking was more severe
among less educated workers, and responses of blacks were especially sensitive to level of education. In addition, men showed
a greater association of long-term unemployment with depression (and to some extent anxiety) than did women. Marriage affected
the responses of men but not of women, and of whites but not of blacks. Explanatory variables—the worker's experiences of
financial hardship, other negative life events, and lack of a confidant—largely accounted for male-female differences. We
conclude by discussing theoretical implications of these effects and address the limitations of the traditional term “vulnerability”
in describing them.
A prior version of this paper was presented at the North Central Sociological Association meeting in Dearborn, Michigan, April
25, 1991. Funds for the research were provided by the Michigan Health Care Research and Education Foundation and by the International
Union-UAW. We are especially grateful to the men and women of the UAW, whose experiences and views form this investigation.
We thank Kiseon Chung, Scott McKearney, David Rauma, and the anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier drafts. 相似文献
83.
D L Hamilton P D Grubb D A Acorn T K Trolier S Carpenter 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1990,59(5):891-898
This research compared the processing and retrieval of attribution-relevant information when the attributional inference is easy or difficult to make. Subjects attributed behavioral events to the person or to the situation, based on several items of context information. Each context sentence implied either the person or the entity as causal agent. When the attributional inference was difficult to make (an equal number of context sentences implied actor and entity as the causal agent), subjects recalled more of the behavioral events, recalled more context sentences, and were less confident in their attributions than when the attributional inference was easy to make (most context sentences implied the same causal agent). Subjects also recalled context information that was implicationally incongruent with the majority of the other context sentences with a higher probability than when that same information was implicationally congruent. 相似文献
84.
Subjects interviewed a confederate posing as a job applicant. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, half the subjects were insulted by the confederate at the end of the interview and half were not insulted. Half the subjects were observed by the experimenter during the final phase of the interview and evaluated the confederate publicly. The remaining subjects were unobserved during the interview and evaluated the confederate anonymously. As predicted, subjects who were publicly insulted were more favorable toward the confederate than were subjects who were privately insulted. Within the public/insult condition, subjects scoring high on Snyder's (1974, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 526–537) self-monitoring scale were more favorable toward the confederate than were subjects scoring low on this scale. The positivity bias occurred only on highly subjective ratings, which are most prone to the appearance of bias. The results are discussed in terms of the subjects' desire to avoid the appearance of bias by biasing their evaluations. 相似文献
85.
H.D Day David Marshall Basil Hamilton John Christy 《Journal of research in personality》1983,17(1):97-109
The utility of the method of aggregation as a measure of behavioral consistency was examined in 26 studies involving computer-generated, repeated-measurement data. The first series of studies involved rectangular distributions in which score constant. A second series of studies used normally distributed z scores, and score consistency was manipulated by inducing a desired correlation between the scores in adjacent trials. In both sets of studies, the aggregate stability coefficient was a strictly increasing function of the number of aggregated trials, and even trivial amounts of score stability resulted in large stability coefficients. In a third series of studies, high stability coefficients occurred when computed on combined unstable subsamples which differed from each other only in central tendency. Terminal aggregate coefficients were compared with Spearman-Brown prophecy and Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients computed on the experimental data. It was concluded that the method of aggregation produces spuriously high estimates of behavioral consistency. It was further shown that the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula and coefficient alpha accurately predict the results of the aggregation method, suggesting that aggregation is an internal consistency reliability procedure. The equating of stability with traditional notions of reliability was questioned. 相似文献
86.
The effect of timeout on performance on a variable-interval schedule of electric-shock presentation 下载免费PDF全文
Eubanks JL Killeen P Hamilton B Wald BA 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1975,23(3):457-463
Responding was maintained in squirrel monkeys under variable-interval schedules of electric shock presentation when a period of timeout followed each response-dependent shock. Response rate decreased when timeout duration was decreased, and responding ceased when timeout was eliminated. These results indicate that under certain conditions, a shock-free period following each response-produced shock is necessary to maintain responding. 相似文献
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The interactive effects of feeding and drinking schedules were investigated in three experiments. Twenty-four hour water-deprived rats consumed their entire obligatory water intake prior to feeding, whereas 24-hr food-deprived rats consumed only small quantities of food prior to drinking. This drinking was apparently due to a shift of water stores rather than an actual negative water balance. Experiment 3 investigated the effects of 24, 48, or 72 hr of water, food, or total deprivation. Water-deprived rats did not adequately suppress food intake and became thirstier than totally deprived rats. The effects of total deprivation were essentially identical to those of food deprivation. These experiments indicate the degree to which deprivation schedules impose restrictions on the reinforcement parameters of behavioral experiments. 相似文献
90.