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231.
Theories of shifts of visual attention based on attentional blink or dwell time do not directly address shifts of attention across different levels (global or local) involving multiple objects. Two experiments were conducted employing the attentional dwell time paradigm to investigate the shifts of visual attention between objects selected at same or different levels. Participants were instructed to identify two successive compound stimuli at a pre-specified level (global or local) presented at two different locations with variable SOA. The initial pair of locations in which the stimulus was presented was fixed in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2. Experiment 1 results showed very little impairment for second target identification when both the targets were at the global level. Attentional shift was better with both targets at the same level compared to different levels. Experiment 2 results showed that local followed by global target identification is difficult at short SOAs compared to other conditions. The results indicate that scope of attention affects the time course of visual attention. Global processing could be performed with very little capacity limitation simultaneously with distributed attention. The default mode of attention might be distributed and attention becomes focused for target identification. Different mechanisms may underlie shifts in focused attention between different locations and changes in attentional set required by changes in perceptual levels. 相似文献
232.
The present study was conceptualized in the context of the psychosocial needs of Hemophilic children and adolescents of Kolkata.
Twenty four Hemophilic children and adolescents were compared with a matched group of normal controls to find out any specific
difference in terms of visuomotor gestalt functioning, intellectual level, academic achievement and personality dimensions.
Academic achievement was assessed by averaging the results of the last three consecutive school examinations. Intellectual
functioning was assessed by Progressive Matrices by Raven, and personality dimensions were assessed by Junior Eysenck Personality
Questionnaire. Chi square tests and ANOVA were conducted to determine whether the Hemophilic children differed significantly
from the normal controls across age levels. Findings revealed that there was little difference between the two groups in terms
of intellectual level, and most dimensions of personality, although the Hemophilics fared worse than normals in neuropsychological,
social and academic aspects. Implication for intervention is discussed. 相似文献
233.
The present paper analyses the impact of organizational communication on job satisfaction and job performance. Data were collected
from 380 employees working at different managerial levels in various organizations in India by using Organizational Communication
Scale (Roberts & O’Reilly, 1974), Job Satisfaction Survey scale (Spector, 1985), and Job Performance scale (Rodwell, Kienzle
& Shadur, 1998). It was found that organizational communication had a significant effect on job satisfaction and job performance
of the employees. The analysis further indicated that the employees at different levels perceived job satisfaction differently.
Thus, it can be inferred that in Indian organizations, job satisfaction and performance are very much dependent on the communication
behavior of the organization. 相似文献
234.
This study examined the personality characteristics of sixty Schizophrenics with and without criminal record on inpatients
of Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences, Ranchi (RINPAS) India. A comparison of their personality profiles
on 16 PF test revealed that Schizophrenics with criminal record were more assertive, less reserved, less conscientious, and
more extraverted than Schizophrenics without criminal record. It indicates that Schizophrenics who commit offences may be
differentiated from those who are not involved in criminal act on the basis of their personality characteristics. 相似文献
235.
Rakesh Ojha Alakh N. Sahu A.V. Muruganandam Gireesh Kumar Singh Sairam Krishnamurthy 《Brain and cognition》2010
Asparagus Racemosus (AR) is an Ayurvedic rasayana possessing multiple neuropharmacological activities. The adpatogenic and antidepressant activity of AR is well documented. The present study was undertaken to assess nootropic and anti-amnesic activities of MAR in rats. The Morris water maze (MWM) and elevated plus maze (EPM) models were employed to evaluate learning and memory activity. Subsequently, the anti-amnestic activity was evaluated in scopolamine and sodium nitrite (NaNO2)-induced amnestic models in rats. Rats pre-treated with MAR (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o) for 7 days showed significant decrease in escape latency in the MWM test indicating nootropic activity. MAR also significantly reversed scopolamine and sodium nitrite-induced increase in transfer latency on EPM indicating anti-amnesic activity. Further, MAR dose-dependently inhibited acetylcholinesterase enzyme in specific brain regions (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus). Thus, MAR showed nootropic and anti-amnesic activities in the models tested and these effects may probably be mediated through augmentation of cholinergic system due to its anti-cholinesterase activity. 相似文献
236.
The effects of social comparison on inaction inertia 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this paper, we examine inaction inertia in a social context where the decision-maker is among others who are faced with similar current and past opportunities. We specifically investigate whether the likelihood of taking advantage of a current opportunity after having missed a previous, relatively superior opportunity depends on whether a referent other did or did not take advantage of the previous opportunity. We report results from three studies that provide evidence for the interplay between the past actions and inactions of a referent other and the extent of inaction inertia displayed by a focal decision-maker. We also show that the proximity of the other and the valence of the relationship between the decision-maker and the other influence the extent to which the decision of the other impacts the likelihood to take action. And, finally, we show that regret mediates the relationship between the decision of the other with respect to the past opportunity and the decision-maker's likelihood of taking advantage of the current opportunity. 相似文献
237.
Katherine L. Perdue Sarah K.G. Jensen Swapna Kumar John E. Richards Shahria Hafiz Kakon Rashidul Haque William A. Petri Sarah Lloyd‐Fox Clare Elwell Charles A. Nelson 《Developmental science》2019,22(5)
Children living in low‐resource settings are at risk for failing to reach their developmental potential. While the behavioral outcomes of growing up in such settings are well‐known, the neural mechanisms underpinning poor outcomes have not been well elucidated, particularly in the context of low‐ and middle‐income countries. In this study, we measure brain metabolic responses to social and nonsocial stimuli in a cohort of 6‐ and 36‐month‐old Bangladeshi children. Study participants in both cohorts lived in an urban slum and were exposed to a broad range of adversity early in life including extreme poverty, malnutrition, recurrent infections, and low maternal education. We observed brain regions that responded selectively to social stimuli in both ages indicating that these specialized brain responses are online from an early age. We additionally show that the magnitude of the socially selective response is related to maternal education, maternal stress, and the caregiving environment. Ultimately our results suggest that a variety of psychosocial hazards have a measurable relationship with the developing social brain. 相似文献
238.
Sobanawartiny Wijeakumar Aarti Kumar Lourdes M. Delgado Reyes Madhuri Tiwari John P. Spencer 《Developmental science》2019,22(5)
There is a growing need to understand the global impact of poverty on early brain and behavioural development, particularly with regard to key cognitive processes that emerge in early development. Although the impact of adversity on brain development can trap children in an intergenerational cycle of poverty, the massive potential for brain plasticity is also a source of hope: reliable, accessible, culturally agnostic methods to assess early brain development in low resource settings might be used to measure the impact of early adversity, identify infants for timely intervention and guide the development and monitor the effectiveness of early interventions. Visual working memory (VWM) is an early marker of cognitive capacity that has been assessed reliably in early infancy and is predictive of later academic achievement in Western countries. Here, we localized the functional brain networks that underlie VWM in early development in rural India using a portable neuroimaging system, and we assessed the impact of adversity on these brain networks. We recorded functional brain activity as young children aged 4–48 months performed a VWM task. Brain imaging results revealed localized activation in the frontal cortex, replicating findings from a Midwestern US sample. Critically, children from families with low maternal education and income showed weaker brain activity and poorer distractor suppression in canonical working memory areas in the left frontal cortex. Implications of this work are far‐reaching: it is now cost‐effective to localize functional brain networks in early development in low‐resource settings, paving the way for novel intervention and assessment methods. 相似文献
239.
240.
In a bid to restate the culture-psyche problematic: revisiting The Essential Writings of Suhir Kakar
Kumar M 《The Psychoanalytic quarterly》2005,74(2):561-587
This book assembles a broad sweep of its author's writings in one volume. Sudhir Kakar is an erudite psychoanalyst who has written nearly fifteen previous books on various aspects of Indian psyche and culture. Most are concerned with alternative healing practices and traditions, aspects of Indian childhood, and the place of sexuality in Indian culture. Informed by psychohistory and influenced by Erikson's theory of identity and its psychosocial development within the life cycle of an individual in a given society, Kakar accurately articulates issues of identity and separation-individuation dynamics that operate within Indian psyche and culture. In discussing the subject book, the author of this essay applies a psychoanalytically focused approach, emphasizing the teachings of French psychoanalysis and the British object relations school in particular. 相似文献