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191.
Research on insight-the phenomenon of suddenly solving an apparently intransigent problem--has been hampered because stimulus problems have been few, ad hoc, heterogeneous, and difficult to solve. Responding to the need for a larger pool of problems of a similar type and of varying level of difficulty, we report an experiment testing the validity of rebuses as insight problems. A rebus combines verbal and visual clues to a common phrase, such as PAINS ("growing pains"). Solving a rebus requires breaking implicit assumptions of normal reading, similar to the restructuring required in insight. We hypothesized that, the more implicit assumptions are involved, the more difficult the solution. The results of a two-part experiment supported the hypothesis, with participants solving more problems involving one assumption than they did problems involving two or more. Also, rebus performance correlated significantly with self-rated insight and with scores on remote associates, but not with general verbal ability. The findings suggest that rebus puzzles may be a useful source of theoretically grounded insight problems. 相似文献
192.
Anderson BL 《Psychological review》2007,114(2):470-487
P. J. Kellman, P. Garrigan, and T. F. Shipley's theory of 3-dimensional object interpolation asserts that existing data, as well as logical considerations, support the view that an identical contour interpolation process underlies the interpolation of partially camouflaged and partially occluded objects (modal completion and amodal completion, respectively). Here, the author argues that recent data show that this theory is incorrect and that the logical arguments offered in support of the identity hypothesis depend on specific unverified models of the phenomena in question. Alternative explanations of these effects are developed to show that such phenomena do not logically implicate an identity hypothesis and, in some cases, provide strong evidence against the identity hypothesis. Finally, the author describes several completion phenomena that reveal that the relatability criteria embodied in Kellman et al.'s model are neither necessary nor sufficient for understanding the interpolation processes the model was designed to explain. 相似文献
193.
Griffith DM Mason M Yonas M Eng E Jeffries V Plihcik S Parks B 《American journal of community psychology》2007,39(3-4):381-392
Despite a strong commitment to promoting social change and liberation, there are few community psychology models for creating systems change to address oppression. Given how embedded racism is in institutions such as healthcare, a significant shift in the system's policies, practices, and procedures is required to address institutional racism and create organizational and institutional change. This paper describes a systemic intervention to address racial inequities in healthcare quality called dismantling racism. The dismantling racism approach assumes healthcare disparities are the result of the intersection of a complex system (healthcare) and a complex problem (racism). Thus, dismantling racism is a systemic and systematic intervention designed to illuminate where and how to intervene in a given healthcare system to address proximal and distal factors associated with healthcare disparities. This paper describes the theory behind dismantling racism, the elements of the intervention strategy, and the strengths and limitations of this systems change approach. 相似文献
194.
James M. Childs 《Dialog》2007,46(2):104-111
Universtiy of Chicago theologian Joseph Sittler has left a most valuable legacy. He was a “preacher's theologian.” He distinguished between a literal reading of the Bible from faith in the God of the Bible. He pioneered the interaction between Christology and ecology. Sittler was a pioneer, worthy of being remembered two decades after his death. 相似文献
195.
Dembo R Jainchill N Turner C Fong C Farkas S Childs K 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2007,25(5):717-738
We report the results of a study on psychopathy and its correlates among 203 youths incarcerated in residential commitment programs in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Delaware. Latent class analysis of the psychopathy data identified three classes of youths: low psychopathy, moderate psychopathy, and high psychopathy. Significant differences were found among the three groups in regard to their criminal thinking, delinquency, experience of stressful events, family relationships, and drug use. Conduct disordered, psychopathic youths were the most troubled among the youths studied. 相似文献
196.
Barton J. Hirsch Megan A. Mekinda JulieAnn Stawicki 《American journal of community psychology》2010,45(3-4):447-452
A central theme of the articles featured in this issue is the need to improve the quality of after-school programs. In this commentary, we discuss why student engagement, program characteristics and implementation, staff training, and citywide policy are key considerations in the effort to define and achieve high quality programs for youth. 相似文献
197.
The current study investigated bullying behaviors in 284 school children in the fourth through seventh grades at the time of the initial assessment. Peer ratings of bullying behavior were obtained at the end of the spring semester of one school year and at the end of the fall semester of the next school year. Importantly, peer ratings were obtained by assessing not only the level at which participants actually bully other students but also whether participants help bullies to hurt the victim (assister), encourage bullies (reinforce), or help the victim of bullying (defender). Our results did not support the utility of differentiating between bullies, assisters, or reinforcers. Specifically, these bullying roles were highly intercorrelated, both concurrently and across school years, and they showed similar correlations with aggression and several characteristics often associated with aggression (i.e., conduct problems, callous-unemotional traits, and positive expectancies about aggression). In contrast, ratings of defending designated a particularly prosocial group of students. Finally, whereas bullying appeared to be very similar in boys and girls, it was somewhat more stable across school years and was related to lower levels of prosocial behavior in boys, both of which could suggest that bullying may be somewhat more related to social group dynamics in girls. 相似文献
198.
Kristina K. Childs Megan Davidson Roberto Hugh Potter Jeffrey W. Rosky 《Deviant behavior》2016,37(1):95-113
This study expands on previous research on adolescent problem behaviors by examining whether different constellations of problem behavior in adolescence differentially impact outcomes during emerging adulthood. Data from the in-home interviews of waves 2 and 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) were used to examine these relationships. Latent class analysis, using nineteen problem behaviors measured at wave 2, identified three classes of adolescents representing “low risk, abstainers,” “sexually-active, experimenters,” and a “high risk, diverse behavior” group. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were then used to identify class differences (measured at wave 3) in social stability, general health and service utilization, and criminal justice system involvement during emerging adulthood. Important class differences in the likelihood of negative outcomes during early adulthood were identified. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
199.
200.
This article presents two studies investigating the psychological effects of fetal echocar-diography (FE). The first compared
the effects of FE in high risk and obstetrically normal women. High-risk women were more anxious beforehand and had more negative
attitudes. Following a normal scan their attitudes and anxiety were equivalent to the controls but a large variation in postscan
psychological changes was found. This variation was examined in the second study with a larger sample. Selected background
variables predicted prescan anxiety and anxiety reduction following a normal scan. Quality of communication and feedback also
determined postscan anxiety level and rated satisfaction in the two-week follow-up questionnaire. Some suggestions for routine
medical practice are included. 相似文献