排序方式: 共有63条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
Andreas Bartels 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2010,41(2):267-281
The paper discusses three different ways of explaining the referential stability of concepts of physics. In order to be successful,
an approach to referential stability has to provide resources to understand what constitutes the difference between the birth
of a new concept with a history of its own, and an innovative step occurring within the lifetime of a persisting concept with
stable reference. According to Theodore Arabatzis’ ‘biographical’ approach (Representing Electrons 2006), the historical continuity of representations of the electron manifests itself by the numerical stability of experimental
parameters like the charge-to-mass ratio, and the continued acceptance of earlier experiments as manifestations of electron
properties. I argue, against Arabatzis’ approach, that the stability of experimental parameters justifies the assumption that
there exists a chain of representations of a unique theoretical entity only if this stability occurs against the background
of evidence for theoretical continuity. The Bain/Norton approach proposes to add exactly this element to the picture, but
fails to reach its aim by focusing on formal similarities of Hamiltonians as an indicator of theoretical continuity. I shall
argue that theoretical continuity has to be demonstrated rather on the level of particular solutions. This task is accomplished
by the semantic embedding approach by means of defining a co-reference criterion for theoretical terms requiring the existence
of semantic embedding relations between the terms that occur in particular solutions of different theories. 相似文献
12.
Similarity is central in human cognition, playing a role in a wide range of cognitive processes. In three studies, we demonstrate that subjective similarity may change as a function of temporal distance, with some events seeming more similar when considered in the near future, while others increase in similarity as temporal distance increases. Given the ubiquity of inter-temporal thought, and the fundamental role of similarity, these results have important implications for cognition in general. 相似文献
13.
Is morally motivated decision making different from other kinds of decision making? There is evidence that when people have sacred or protected values (PVs), they reject trade-offs for secular values (e.g., "You can't put a price on a human life") and tend to employ deontological rather than consequentialist decision principles. People motivated by PVs appear to show quantity insensitivity. That is, in trade-off situations, they are less sensitive to the consequences of their choices than are people without PVs. The current study examined the relation between PVs and quantity insensitivity using two methods of preference assessment: In one design, previous results were replicated; in a second, PVs were related to increased quantity sensitivity. These and other findings call into question important presumed properties of PVs, suggesting that how PVs affect willingness to make trade-offs depends on where attention is focused, a factor that varies substantially across contexts. 相似文献
14.
Rosa A. Hoekstra Meike Bartels Marieke van Leeuwen Dorret I. Boomsma 《Developmental science》2009,12(6):1041-1053
The etiology of individual differences in general verbal ability, verbal learning and letter and category fluency were examined in two independent samples of 9‐ and 18‐year‐old twin pairs and their siblings. In both age groups, we observed strong familial resemblance for general verbal ability and moderate familial resemblance for verbal learning, letter and category fluency. All familial resemblance was explained by genetic factors. There was significant covariance among the tests, which was stronger in magnitude in the adolescent cohort. The covariance was mainly explained by genetic effects shared by subtests, both in middle childhood and in late adolescence. In addition to a shared set of genes that influenced all phenotypes, there were also genetic influences specific to the different verbal phenotypes. 相似文献
15.
16.
Andreas Bartels 《Erkenntnis》1990,32(2):269-281
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
17.
18.
Genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying stability and change in problem behaviors at ages 3, 7, 10, and 12 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Bartels M van den Oord EJ Hudziak JJ Rietveld MJ van Beijsterveldt CE Boomsma DI 《Developmental psychology》2004,40(5):852-867
Maternal ratings on internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) behaviors were collected in a large, population-based longitudinal sample. The numbers of participating twin pairs at ages 3, 7, 10, and 12 were 5,602, 5,115, 2,956, and 1,481, respectively. Stability in both behaviors was accounted for by genetic and shared environmental influences. The genetic contribution to stability (INT: 43%; EXT: 60%) resulted from the fact that a subset of genes expressed at an earlier age was still active at the next time point. A common set of shared environmental factors operated at all ages (INT: 47%; EXT: 34%). The modest contribution of nonshared environmental factors (INT: 10%; EXT: 6%) could not be captured by a simple model. Significant age-specific influences were found for all components, indicating that genetic and environmental factors also contributed to changes in problem behavior. 相似文献
19.
As genetic health care and genetic testing expand from primarily addressing conditions that are exclusively genetic in nature
to common diseases with both genetic and environmental components, the scope of genetic counseling has grown. Identification
and utilization of a normative model of practice defined by members of the profession is critical as genetic services become
more commonplace in medical care. The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of a consensus conference convened
to define a model of genetic counseling practice based on the guidance of educators and leaders in the profession. Twenty-three
program directors or their representatives from 20 genetic counseling graduate programs in North America listened to presentations
and participated in group discussions aimed at determining the elements of a model of practice, including tenets, goals, strategies,
and behaviors for addressing patients’ genetic concerns. Their discussion is summarized, training implications and research
recommendations are presented, and a model of practice that extends their ideas is proposed. 相似文献
20.
Analogue Mental Transformations in 3‐Year‐Olds: Introducing a New Mental Rotation Paradigm Suitable for Young Children
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Infant and child development》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Markus Krüger Marlen Kaiser Kristin Mahler Wolfgang Bartels Horst Krist 《Infant and child development》2014,23(2):123-138
Until now, a successful application of the mental rotation paradigm was restricted to children 5 years or older. By contrast, recent findings suggest that even infants can perform mental rotation. Unlike the methods used in infant studies (looking time), our new research paradigm allows for the measurement and interpretation of reaction times. Kindergartners (aged 3–6 years) were presented with a stimulus configuration on a touchscreen and asked to bring a rotated stimulus into an upright position using the shortest path. Mean reaction time (RT) increased linearly with angular disparity. The ensuing linear trend was significant not only for the entire sample but also for the youngest age group analysed separately. To exclude the possibility that linearity was due to movement planning, 3‐year‐olds had to manually rotate a stimulus about the same trajectory without the need for a corresponding mental transformation in a second experiment. Here, no linear trend was observed. These results are interpreted as evidence for an analogue mental transformation in 3‐year‐olds, equal to the transformation processes in older children's and adults' mental rotation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献