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221.
222.
Barry C. Barmann Carol Croyle-Barmann Bill McLain 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1980,13(4):693-698
The present study evaluated the efficacy of using contingent-interrupted music in treating the disruptive bus-riding behavior of an 8-year-old profoundly retarded female. Music was played during each bus ride as long as the subject was sitting appropriately, and interrupted contingent upon each response defined as disruptive bus riding, during an ABCDCDCDA design. A significant reduction in disruptive bus riding occurred with each introduction of contingent-interrupted music. The treatment procedure described in this report was easy to administer, produced rapid treatment gains, and showed virtually no regression during an 8-week follow-up period. 相似文献
223.
Robert J. Barry 《Sex roles》1980,6(6):795-806
Forty-eight boys and 48 girls aged between 32 and 64 months were tested for stereotyping of sex role using a toy-preference technique. Scores for overt and covert measures of sexism and awareness of the dimension of sex-role stereotyping were also obtained from both parents of each child, as well as information on the target child's siblings. Analysis indicated the developmental nature of stereotyping of sex role in both boys and girls and the surprising finding that older siblings are much more important in the development of such stereotyping than are sexist parents. The influence of the child upon parental attitudes is also apparent. These findings and their interrelationships are discussed, suggesting new directions for research.The author wishes to thank Ann Barry, Director of the Glen Kindergarten, for her assistance in developing the materials used here and her extensive testing of the children included in this study. My thanks are also due to Professor D. J. Drinkwater and Drs. R. Boyd, S. Phillips, and J. Sweller for their assistance in grading the stereotyped toy illustrations used in testing the children. 相似文献
224.
Robert R. Rodgers Urie Bronfenbrenner Edward C. Devereux 《International journal of psychology》1968,3(1):31-41
Normes de conduite sociale chez des enfants de quatre cultures différentes. — Cette étude fait partie d'une vaste enquéte interculturelle sur les divers systèmes de socialisation, dans le but d'explorer quelle est la part d'universalité transcendante aux frontières des nations et la part de particularisme national dans les normes éthiques. Les AA. ont cherché à mettre en évidence l'effet du sexe, du cadre éducatif (collectif ou familial), de l'âge et du statut professionnel des parents sur l'importance attribuée aux normes de conduite sociale par des enfants d'environ 12 ans, aux USA, en Grande-Bretagne, en URSS et en Suisse (N = I450). Ils ont utilisé un questionnaire comportant 18 exemples de conduite dont la signification est idcntique d'une culture à l'autre. l'analyse factorielle des réponses faites par les garçons et les filles en Grande-Bretagne d'une part, en URSS d'autre part, fait apparaître deux groupements des exemples qui correspondent à deux facteurs, « bonnes manières » et « masculinité »; ces facteurs sont apparentés aux dimensions de « valeur» (bien-mal) et de « puissance » (fort-faible) mises en évidence par Osgood. On retrouve le même schéma dans les quatre analyses. Les résultats montrent, entre autres choses, que — 1) l'importance hiérarchique des conduites évoquées est très semblable pour les 8 échantillons (4 cultures et 2 sexes); les différences entre cultures ne sont pas plus importantes que les différences entre sexes; — 2) dans toutes les cultures, les filles attribuent plus d'importance aux « bonnes manières » et les garçons à la « masculinité », ce qui était prévisible; — 3) les différences sont plus importantes chez les enfants américains et anglais qui ont été élevés au sein de leur famille que chez les Russes et les Suisses qui ont été élevés dans des instituts ou des pensionnats; — 4) quant aux différences entre cultures, les deux sexes étant considérés ensemble, on constate que les Suisses préfèrent les vertus « calvinistes » (travail, indépendance vis-à-vis des camarades d'école, soumission aux adultes), que les Soviétiques accordent plus d'importance aux « bonnes manières » et les Américains aux vertus intellectuelles (dire la vérité, chercher à comprendre); l'importance relative de la « masculinité » est plus grande pour les Anglais que pour les Suisses; — 5) en raison de la faible variabilité des âges dans les échantillons considérés, il apparaît peu de différences dans les normes en fonction de l'âge; elles semblent cependant en rapport avec l'importance croissante du rôle sexuel avec l'âge; — 6) le statut socio-professionnel du père n'affecte pas la hiérarchie des normes pour les enfants américains, mais dans l'échantillon anglais, les enfants de la classe supérieure valorisent le fait de dire la vérité et les « bonnes manieres », tandis que les enfants de la classe inférieure préfèrent la « masculinité ». Le résultat le plus significatif concerne la plus grande différence qui apparaît entre les sexes dans la préférence accordée aux « bonnes manières » ou à la « masculinité » selon qu'il s'agit d'enfants élevés dans le milieu familial avec des méthodes traditionnelles ou d'enfants qui sont élevés dans des internats. 相似文献
225.
Previous work (Verrillo, 1963, 1968) has shown that when measured as a change in absolute threshold, spatial summation occurs only at vibration frequencies above 40 Hz. The present study measured vibrotactile spatial summation at suprathreshold amplitudes. A matching task was used to investigate the effect of varying contactor size on sensory magnitude at three different vibration frequencies. Unlike the threshold data, increasing contactor size resulted in increases in sensory magnitude at 25 and 40 Hz as well as at 160 Hz. The amount of summation varied directly with amplitude for the two lower frequencies. In a second experiment, the effect of increasing static force, independent of contactor size, was investigated. The results indicated that the spatial summation effects noted in the first experiment may be due to increases in static force and not contactor area. The implications of these results for the concept of spatial summation and for the duplex mechanoreceptor hypothesis are discussed. 相似文献
226.
227.
H Barry W J Kinnard N Watzman J P Buckley 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1966,9(2):163-171
A method is described by which large quantities of data, generated at high and variable rates from a large number of test boxes, are recorded on a single eight-channel punched paper tape. The data, which include a record of the occurrence time of each event in 1/10-sec units, are in a compact form, suitable for conversion to standard Hollerith punched card codes and for decoding and summarizing by a large digital computer. Experience with the system has demonstrated a high degree of accuracy and reliability, and low operating cost. 相似文献
228.
Andrew W. Young Dennis C. Hay Kathryn H. McWeeny Andrew W. Ellis Christopher Barry 《Brain and cognition》1985,4(4):439-450
Right-handed subjects were asked to decide whether or not faces presented briefly in the RVF or in the LVF were familiar (familiar faces were those of famous people). This task avoids the need for extensive semantic processing or temporary storage involved in conventional naming or identification tasks, and thus eliminates the contribution of such factors to any observed asymmetry. The resulting finding of faster reaction times to LVF faces, with no overall visual hemifield difference in error rates, is taken to indicate a right-hemisphere superiority either in the processes used to construct facial representations or in the accessing of face recognition units, or both. 相似文献
229.
Patsy Tremayne Ph.D. Robert J. Barry Ph.D. D.Sc. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1990,25(3):132-141
The development of orienting response (OR) theory has not been accompanied by many applications of the concept—most research
still appears to be lab-based and “pure,” rather than “applied.” We present some examples from our own work in which the OR
perspective has been applied in a wider context. These cover the exploration of processing deficits in autistic children,
aspects of the “repression” of anxiety in elite athletes, and the locus of alcohol effects. Such applications of the OR concept
in real-life situations seem a logical and, indeed,necessary step in the evolution of this area of psychophysiology.
With a Comment by E. N. Sokolov 相似文献
230.
Eighty first-grade childen were pretested on a variety of conservation tasks. Subjects who were either nonconservers or intermediate conservers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: social interaction, social observation, and individual control. Subjects in the social interaction condition worked collaboratively on conservation tasks with a same sex partner. Subjects in the social observation condition individually observed pairs of subjects working together and control subjects worked individually on conservation tasks. The purpose of the social observation condition was to control for the effects of task relevant information that was expressed during dyadic interactions. All subjects were individually post-tested on conservation tasks that were the same form but different content than the pretest items. Subjects in the social interaction condition had significantly greater cogntive change scores (post-test less pretest) than subjects in the social observation and control conditions. There were no significant differences between change scores of subjects in the latter two conditions. Also, subjects in the social interaction condition gave significantly more novel explanations for conservation judgments than subjects in the social observation condition. These findings supported a socio-cognitive conflict model of cognitive development in young children. 相似文献