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11.
Chris Mortensen 《Erkenntnis》1989,30(3):319-337
This paper criticises necessitarianism, the thesis that there is at least one necessary truth; and defends possibilism, the thesis that all propositions are contingent, or that anything is possible. The second section maintains that no good conventionalist account of necessity is available, while the third section criticises model theoretic necessitarianism. The fourth section sketches some recent technical work on nonclassical logic, with the aim of weakening necessitarian intuitions and strengthening possibilist intuitions. The fifth section considers several a prioristic attempts at demonstrating that there is at least one necessary proposition and finds them inadequate. The final section emphasises the epistemic aspect of possibilism. 相似文献
12.
Based on results of an experiment, hypotheses are tested concerning the effects of computer use on decision commitment. The
experiment required subjects to make an adoption decision regarding a hypothetical government agency's innovation. Subjects
could choose from a variety of information sets, some computer based, some not, before making the decision. After their decision
the subjects were given “new evidence” that contradicted their initial position. Two experimental treatments included more
difficult access to the computer-based information and higher cost for the computer-based information. Results indicate that
access difficulty diminishes confidence in decisions and leads to lesser commitment. However, the cost of the computer information
seems to have little bearing on decision commitment.
Barry Bozeman is director of the Technology and Information Policy Program of the Maxwell School of Public Affairs, Syracuse
University, Syracuse NY 13244-4010. There he is professor of public policy and administration and affiliate professor of engineering.
His research has focused on organization theory and public management, science and technology policy, and the use of technical
information in decision-making.
R.F. Shangraw, Jr. is vice president of Independent Project Analysis, Inc., Great Falls, Virginia. Previously, he was assistant
professor of public administration at Syracuse University. His research interests include information management, decision-making,
and public policy applications of expert systems. 相似文献
13.
The problems caused for the NBTS by the advent of HIV are reviewed, with particular reference to the impact on blood donor numbers, the strategies adopted to minimise the risk of HIV infection through blood transfusion, and the counselling dilemmas faced by the Service in the setting of the blood donor clinic. The notification procedure for blood donors found anti-HIV positive is described, with the importance of confirmation of such results before approach to the donor emphasised. Counselling issues arising from indeterminate and false positive lest results are explored and those arising from enquiries generated by cases of possible post-transfusion HIV infection are examined. 相似文献
14.
Jerry M. Lewis J. M. Rabbie Thomas Berg Michael Argyle Karin Aronsson Roger Ingham Neil Frude A. M. Munton Duncan Cramer John Shotter Ray Holland Nobleza Asuncion-Lande Ray Crozier Candida Peterson Chris Spencer Victor J. Callan Jack Martin N. L. Reinsch Anthony Ryle David Canter Jill Robson H. R. Beech Duncan Moss David Fontana Tom Richards 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1989,8(1):49-87
15.
16.
One of the most puzzling features of “hyperactivity” in children is the importance of activity itself. Generalized overactivity has not been found to be a valid diagnostic marker. Could some qualitative features of activity be important determinants of the perceived quantity of activity? The analogue study reported here derives from a social-psychological hypothesis that anything that makes a behavior more noticeable or distracting can create an illusion of increased movement. Subjects performed a simple cognitive task while watching short films of adult actors. Two variables were manipulated: (a) The sound level was either loud or quiet, and (b) instructions to subjects were varied so that the behaviors shown were perceived as either appropriate or inappropriate. Results strongly supported the hypothesis. Loudness and contextual inappropriateness made the films more distracting, produced higher ratings of the amount of movement observed, and led to more negative evaluations of the behaviors seen. Implications for assessment and intervention are discussed. 相似文献
17.
18.
R. Barry Ruback Timothy S. Carr Charles H. Hopper 《Journal of applied social psychology》1986,16(5):375-386
Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of perceived control in two men's prisons, one housing 181 inmates and the other housing 623 inmates. In both prisons, inmates' perceived control over the environment was found to be significantly related to their ratings of their living accommodations, experienced stress, and physical symptoms, even when type of cell was held constant. 相似文献
19.
Barry Schwartz 《Learning and motivation》1986,17(4)
Previous research has shown that when pigeons are required to peck each of two keys four times in any order for reinforcement, stereotyped response sequences develop, though they are not required by the task. However, despite this stereotypy, sequences are not automatized. They require sufficient attention that sequence performance is disrupted by a concurrent, delayed matching-to-sample task. In the present experiments, pigeons were required to execute response sequences and delayed matching-to-sample concurrently. Experiment 1 showed that the matching task disrupts sequence performance even when the matching sample stimuli do not have to be processed concurrently with sequence execution. The presence of sample stimuli during sequence execution seems to command attention even if the sample stimuli are also available for processing when sequences are not being executed. Experiment 2 used the directed forgetting technique to show that pigeons do seem able to ignore sample stimuli if they are given information that tells them they will not be required to remember those stimuli later. Together, the experiments suggest attentional mechanisms in the pigeon that are not quite involuntary. 相似文献
20.
Though the term “new technology” is widely used and discussed, there has been very little systematic study of attitudes to
technology and their relation to other beliefs and group memberships. This article describes an initial investigation into
the nature of attitudes towards new technology (n=534 undergraduates) and demonstrates that, as yet, these attitudes are only weakly structured and are not fully integrated
with other social beliefs. General evaluations of the benefits of technological advance appear to be almost unrelated to beliefs
about the inevitability of these advances or the desire to acquire training to deal with them. Contrary to popular expectations,
evaluations of video games are unrelated to other beliefs about technology while other social beliefs are, as yet, only weakly
integrated with these attitudes. This study also identifies gender differences in the assessment of potential benefits and
highlights other differences attributable to academic group memberships. These finding are discussed with reference to the
literature on sex-role stereotyping and group socialization processes. 相似文献