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21.
Television has been heavily criticized in the popular press for the way it depicts women. Narrow and stereotyped portrayals of women may, according to some writers, cultivate misconceptions among the public about the way women are or should be. In a new investigation of this issue a survey study was undertaken with a large British sample in the London ITV region in which data were obtained on TV viewing behaviours and perceptions of the way women are portrayed on TV and beliefs about how they are or should be in real life. Results showed that only weight of action-drama viewing was significantly related to respondents’ perceptions of women. Heavy viewers of action-drama content were more likely than light viewers to perceive women in reality as self-reliant, not quarrelsome with other women, not dependent on attractiveness to get on, and not preoccupied by romantic affairs. However, heavy action viewers also tended to believe that most women actually want to become mothers, and do not want careers, and more importantly that women ought to be like this. Only in some respects were these relationships consonant with those inferred by content analysts. 相似文献
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23.
Previous work on the estimation of angle size suggested that three factors play a significant part in the forming of an accurate estimation: the size of the angle, its orientation, and the mode in which the response is made. An examination of the judgment by 60 Ss of 12 angles under varied conditions of orientation, response mode, and cue was carried out with the result that the importance of size and orientation was confirmed. Despite an overall significant difference in estimation between response modes, there was no indication of a consistent effect across angles for the different modes. Predictions on the influence of orientation made by Fisher and Beery were tested, and while the former investigator was adequately supported, the latter was held to have reported results on a limited sample of angles which do not generalize to the wider range of angles used in the present study. 相似文献
24.
Barrie Hopson 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1985,13(1):49-59
The provision of life and career counselling for adults in the early 1970s is examined, distinguishing between counselling and other helping strategies. A major paradigm shift which is influencing counselling along with other aspects of society is identified. The range of provision of adult life and careers counselling existing in 1985 is summarised, and some speculations on future development are offered. 相似文献
25.
The need for personal and social education in schools is outlined. Reference is made to the concept of psychological education that is being developed in the United States, and a model of personal growth and career development is described with particular emphasis on areas of personal growth that need to be developed within the school curriculum. Results of a survey of young people's personal and interpersonal problems are presented which give accounts of the range of difficulties 235 fourth year and fifth year boys and girls in secondary education and 36 young people in employment had in their interpersonal relationships with parents, teachers, employers, community authority figures, same- and opposite-sex friends, etc. Information was also obtained on what actually occupied young people's thoughts: the things they found it difficult to cope with and talk about, the things that they felt parents should tell their children, what they would like to talk to their teachers and parents about, and the attributes which they felt they could or could not change for themselves. 相似文献
26.
Recent studies on perceptual organization in humans claim that the ability to represent a visual scene as a set of coherent
surfaces is of central importance for visual cognition. We examined whether this surface representation hypothesis generalizes
to a non-mammalian species, the barn owl (Tyto alba). Discrimination transfer combined with random-dot stimuli provided the appropriate means for a series of two behavioural
experiments with the specific aims of (1) obtaining psychophysical measurements of figure–ground segmentation in the owl,
and (2) determining the nature of the information involved. In experiment 1, two owls were trained to indicate the presence
or absence of a central planar surface (figure) among a larger region of random dots (ground) based on differences in texture.
Without additional training, the owls could make the same discrimination when figure and ground had reversed luminance, or
were camouflaged by the use of uniformly textured random-dot stereograms. In the latter case, the figure stands out in depth
from the ground when positional differences of the figure in two retinal images are combined (binocular disparity). In experiment 2,
two new owls were trained to distinguish three-dimensional objects from holes using random-dot kinematograms. These birds
could make the same discrimination when information on surface segmentation was unexpectedly switched from relative motion
to half-occlusion. In the latter case, stereograms were used that provide the impression of stratified surfaces to humans
by giving unpairable image features to the eyes. The ability to use image features such as texture, binocular disparity, relative
motion, and half-occlusion interchangeably to determine figure–ground relationships suggests that in owls, as in humans, the
structuring of the visual scene critically depends on how indirect image information (depth order, occlusion contours) is allocated between different surfaces.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
27.
This study examined the effects of programme context on the memory of humorous television advertisements among a youth sample aged 16 to 18 years. Additionally, the relationship between the enjoyment and involvement properties of the programme and memory for advertisements were investigated. An experimental design was developed to test the memory for a set of six humorous and a set of six non-humorous advertisements within two programme contexts—a news bulletin and a comedy show. Findings indicated that unaided recall for advertisements was affected by programme type with memory for advertising being better from news than from comedy. Further, memory for humorous advertisements was better than that for non-humorous advertisements. Audience involvement with, and enjoyment of, the surrounding programme were found to be associated with poorer memory for advertisement content. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
28.
Rabiatu E. Barrie Kimberly Langrehr Gihane Jerémie-Brink Nickecia Alder Amber Hewitt Anita Thomas 《Counselling psychology quarterly》2016,29(4):423-442
African American women are often times characterized by stereotypes that can be traced back to slavery. Those stereotypes have been found to affect many outcomes in an array of domains related to work, intimate relationships, and personal well-being. The literature does not address how these stereotypes may affect adolescent African American girls. This study aimed to fill that gap by examining how the endorsement of stereotypes affects the psychological well-being, specifically stress, in 144 African American adolescent girls (N = 144) who ranged from 12–19 years old. This study goes a step further to investigate whether collective self-esteem can serve as a buffer between endorsement of stereotypes and perceived stress. Using combined mediation–moderation model, the analysis showed that there is a significant positive relationship between stereotypic beliefs and perceived stress that is buffered by moderate to high levels of collective self-esteem. Implications for treatment and policy, as well as educational recommendations are discussed. 相似文献
29.
Barrie Falk 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2013,56(2):165-198
I am concerned to understand that relation to a situation which we call fearing it. Some say this cannot be done: it is a brute fact about us that we fear certain things and we understand another's fear when we see that he confronts a situation of this sort (a basic fear object) or one which he understandably associates with this sort. In Section I, I argue that being associated with a basic fear object will not usefully explain a current fear. In Section II, I argue that the obvious candidates for being basic fears will not do the required work. The notion should be rejected. I then argue that to fear an object is to take it as exhibiting one's lack of control and I proceed to describe the nature and content of this notion. 相似文献
30.
Adrian Furnham Barrie Gunter Freya Richardson 《Journal of applied social psychology》2002,32(1):124-141
This study examined the effects of program context on the memory of congruent or incongruent television (TV) advertisements on a youth sample (N= 123) aged 16 to 19 years. An experimental design was developed to test memory for a set of 6 car advertisements and 6 food advertisements within 2 program contexts: a car program and a food program. Memory for car advertisements was significantly better than memory for food advertisements in the free‐recall condition, but the opposite was true in the cued‐recall condition. Free recall of car advertisements in the food program was significantly better than of food advertisements in the food program. Levels of involvement were found to be unrelated to recall and recognition of advertisements. 相似文献