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51.
Chris Ninness Mark Dixon Dermot Barnes‐Holmes Ruth Anne Rehfeldt Robin Rumph Glen McCuller James Holland Ronald Smith Sharon K. Ninness Jennifer McGinty 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(2):191-208
Participants were pretrained and tested on mutually entailed trigonometric relations and combinatorially entailed relations as they pertained to positive and negative forms of sine, cosine, secant, and cosecant. Experiment 1 focused on training and testing transformations of these mathematical functions in terms of amplitude and frequency followed by tests of novel relations. Experiment 2 addressed training in accordance with frames of coordination (same as) and frames of opposition (reciprocal of) followed by more tests of novel relations. All assessments of derived and novel formula‐to‐graph relations, including reciprocal functions with diversified amplitude and frequency transformations, indicated that all 4 participants demonstrated substantial improvement in their ability to identify increasingly complex trigonometric formula‐to‐graph relations pertaining to same as and reciprocal of to establish mathematically complex repertoires. 相似文献
52.
In Experiment 1, more and less relations were trained for arbitrary Stimuli A1 and A2 with 3 children with autism. The following conditional discriminations were then trained: A1‐B1, A2‐B2, B1‐C1, B2‐C2. In subsequent tests, participants showed derived more‐less mands (mand with C1 for more and mand with C2 for less). A training procedure reversed the B‐C conditional discriminations, and participants then showed derived reversed more—less mands (mand with C1 for less, C2 for more). Baseline B‐C relations were retrained, and participants subsequently demonstrated a return to the original derived manding. A second experiment with 1 prior participant and 1 naive participant removed a possible confounding effect. Establishing derived manding may be an advantageous component when teaching a mand repertoire in applied settings. 相似文献
53.
In the wake of an interpersonal offense, victims often feel motivated to avoid their perpetrators, and the more severe the
offense, the more pronounced this motivation is. On the surface, avoidance appears to serve a self-protective function such
that victims, compelled by a sense of fear and apprehension, withdraw from their wrongdoers to prevent further harm. However,
avoidance might also serve a retaliatory purpose in which victims shun their offenders out of anger and hostility, using interpersonal
aloofness as a means of payback. In the present pair of studies, we examined victims’ self-reports of recent offense experiences
and tested the mediating roles of fear and anger in the relationship between offense severity and avoidance motivations. Study
1 revealed that anger, not fear, was the emotion that mediated this relationship. Study 2 replicated this finding and also
showed that the link between anger and avoidance was mediated both by revenge and self-protection motives, which demonstrates
the complex nature of avoidance following a transgression. 相似文献
54.
Webb Phillips Jennifer L. Barnes Neha Mahajan Mariko Yamaguchi Laurie R. Santos 《Developmental science》2009,12(6):938-945
A sensitivity to the intentions behind human action is a crucial developmental achievement in infants. Is this intention reading ability a unique and relatively recent product of human evolution and culture, or does this capacity instead have roots in our non‐human primate ancestors? Recent work by Call and colleagues (2004) lends credence to the latter hypothesis, providing evidence that chimpanzees are also sensitive to human intentions. Specifically, chimpanzees remained in a testing area longer and exhibited fewer frustration behaviors when an experimenter behaved as if he intended to give food but was unable to do so, than when the experimenter behaved as if he had no intention of giving food. The present research builds on and extends this paradigm, providing some of the first evidence of intention reading in a more distant primate relative, the capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). Like chimpanzees, capuchin monkeys distinguish between different goal‐directed acts, vacating an enclosure sooner when an experimenter acts unwilling to give food than when she acts unable to give food. Additionally, we found that this pattern is specific to animate action, and does not obtain when the same actions are performed by inanimate rods instead of human hands (for a similar logic, see Woodward, 1998 ). Taken together with the previous evidence, the present research suggests that our own intention reading is not a wholly unique aspect of the human species, but rather is shared broadly across the primate order. 相似文献
55.
Annmarie Barnes 《Journal of International Migration and Integration》2009,10(4):431-445
This paper traces the development of the introduction of Bill C-44, the “danger to the public” clause that amended the Immigration Act of Canada in 1995, and considers the effects of the amendment to Canadian deportation policy on Jamaican nationals living in Canada. Starting with an examination of the increase in criminal deportation to Jamaica from Canada, the paper draws attention to the overall increases in total deportations to Jamaica from other countries including the USA and the UK between 1990 and 2004. Official crime statistics, and interviews with deported individuals and other Jamaican stakeholders are used to highlight the negative effects of deportation on deported persons and on the Jamaican society. The paper concludes with a discussion of deportation as a form of punishment and considers the implications of current deportation practices on global conceptions of security. 相似文献
56.
In this study we investigated the relation between young children's comprehension skill and inference-making ability using a procedure that controlled individual differences in general knowledge (Barnes & Dennis, 1998; Barnes, Dennis, & Haefele-Kalvaitis, 1996). A multiepisode story was read to the children, and their ability to make two types of inference was assessed: coherence inferences, which were essential for adequate comprehension of the text, and elaborative inferences, which enhanced the text representation but which were not crucial to understanding. There was a strong relation between comprehension skill and inference-making ability even when knowledge was equally available to all participants. Subsidiary analyses of the source of inference failures revealed different underlying sources of difficulty for good and poor comprehenders. 相似文献
57.
58.
Heather J. Barnes Jonathan Vaughan Matthew J. Jorgensen David A. Rosenbaum 《Behavior research methods》1989,21(2):255-258
We describe an inexpensive means of digitizing videotaped positions of moving points, such as the positions of the joints of a person who is performing an action. Single-frame video images and a Macintosh computer monitor are optically superimposed, using a half-silvered mirror, and the positions of reference points in the video image are manually clicked in by the operator, so that the screen coordinates of the reference points on each frame can be stored in a text file for later analysis. The digitizing program records comments and identifying information along with the position data. 相似文献
59.
Inference to the loveliest explanation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Eric Barnes 《Synthese》1995,103(2):251-277
60.