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111.
Brandon F. Greene Jon S. Bailey Frank Barber 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1981,14(2):177-192
Thousands of children are injured or killed each year in school bus accidents. A significant number of these tragic incidents is precipitated by disruptive child behavior that distracts the drivers from their difficult task. Two experiments were conducted which addressed this problem. For both experiments an automated sound recording device (referred to as a Noise Guard) selectively responsive to frequencies above 500 Hz (i.e., unresponsive to bus drone) recorded both the duration and frequency of noise outbursts above a tolerable threshold. Additionally, an observer made in situ measurements of other disruptions including roughhousing and getting-out-of-seat. In the first experiment, following baseline measurements of these behaviors, middle-school students received feedback for noise outbursts. That is, when “Noise Guard'” was activated, it in turn operated one of several lights on a panel visible to all passengers. Each day students were allowed to listen to high-appeal taped music while riding the bus and to participate in a raffle for prizes, provided the number of outbursts on the preceding day remained below a specified criterion indicated on the light panel. This intervention resulted in drastic reductions of noise outbursts with a concomitant reduction in other disruptive behaviors. Comparable results were obtained in the second experiment which eliminated the raffle from the intervention. 相似文献
112.
The aim of this investigation was to examine the context of recurrent crying episodes during family therapy sessions. We tested the relative contribution of social versus individual intrapsychic variables within a 10-session, videotaped, structural family therapy. Segments of therapy before crying episodes when compared with control (non-crying) segments were found to have higher levels of the following variables: involvement with others in the room, rejection, and concern about supplies. Two family variables were also higher before crying episodes: family discussion about patient, and patient receives hostility. A stepwise discriminant function analysis using these variables indicated that family discussion about the patient was most important in signaling onset of crying. The results are discussed in terms of individual and family theories of symptom formation as illuminated through this case study. 相似文献
113.
Masking and aftereffect in the perception of binocular depth were studied using random-dot sterograms as adaptation and target stimuli. Detection of the target was impaired by prior adaptation only when the two stimuli differed in disparity by less than 2 minarc. The masking function was unaffected by uniocular enlargement and blurring within the adaptation stimulus, but masking was no longer selective to disparity when the elements seen by the two eyes were reversed in brightness. The stereoscopic depth aftereffect was also insensitive to uniocular enlargement and blurring, and could not be generated when there was brightness complementation within the adaptation stimulus. Both the masking and aftereffect data are interpreted as evidence that stereospatial detectors in human vision are insensitive to transforms that maintain luminance-spatial correlations in binocular input. 相似文献
114.
The staff and students of a school composed of Grades 1 through 3 participated in a program to increase school attendance. Children earned the opportunity to attend part or all of a monthly party by their attendance. Immediate feedback occurred each morning by placing stars on a classroom chart for each child present. The school's attendance during the program was compared both with attendance during preceding years and with attendance at other schools. The experimental school's attendance improved dramatically to become the best of all elementary schools in the system. 相似文献
115.
ABSTRACT When is it right to enforce medical treatment on a patient who is refusing that treatment? English law recognises two ethical principles as of paramount importance: the autonomy of the patient; and the consequences of not treating compared with treating. The law, by and large, operates these principles in succession. Thus, in the case of a patient refusing treatment, the law asks first, is the patient competent? Only if the answer is no, are the consequences considered. We criticise the position taken by English law and argue, first, that competence is a graded and not a binary concept, and secondly, that the two ethical principles should be applied not sequentially but at the same time. These two ideas form what we have called the balance model. This model could be used for an empirical study of individuals’ ethical beliefs, and in particular to test the hypothesis that the ethical beliefs of most individuals conform to the balance model rather than to the position taken by English law. 相似文献
116.
William H. Barber Ph.D. 《Group》1988,12(4):233-240
This paper describes a method of group therapy that 1) utilizes open systems theory to describe the social structure of group therapy, and 2)presents interventions drawn from Masterson's ideas for treating borderline personality disorders. Illustrations from a group therapy program for chemically dependent adolescents in a short-term, inpatient treatment unit of a general hospital are offered. It is proposed that under constrained conditions of treatment, such as those described, group therapy can be effective if there is precision about the system boundaries of task, role, time and place, and if group interventions are based upon a theoretically and clinically consistent model such as Masterson's. 相似文献
117.
118.
A three-choice reaction-time task was used to investigate the source-of-stimulation effect, that is, the tendency for subjects to react faster and more accurately to a stimulus if the spatial locations of the stimulus and the response correspond than if they do not. Auditory stimuli varied on dimensions of tonal frequency and spatial location, although only the former was relevant for response selection. Responses were found to be faster for the conditions in which stimulus location and response location corresponded than for those in which they did not, but stimulus location had no effect on differences between the two hands with bimanual responses. These results support the hypothesis that the source-of-stimulation effect is due to response plans which interact at a level prior to the programming of the motor response. 相似文献
119.
Nigel Harvey 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1980,32(3):413-425
The category of a first stimulus (S1) serving as a cue may allow a subject to predict the category of a second stimulus (S2). However, a cue may have effects on RT to S2 that are independent of those derived from its intended role as a predictor. These non-informative effects of a cue may add to or subtract from the benefits associated with its predictive function. Two experiments demonstrate that when S1 is in the same category as S2 (as is frequently the case for valid cues in cueing experiments) but provides no information about S2, RT is slower than when S1 is in a different category from S2. It is suggested that this category relation effect arises because inhibition of a response to S1 is still present when S2 arrives and that, in some cueing experiments, it may subtract from the RT benefits derived from the cue as a predictor of S2. Also, RT to a visual but not to an auditory S2 was faster after an auditory S1 than after a visual S1. It is argued that this modality combination effect is consistent with the view that auditory signals are more alerting than visual ones and that this is another factor to be taken into account in the design of cueing and other experiments. 相似文献
120.
Nigel Harvey 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1983,34(2):180-184
Subjects matched successively presented stimuli within and across modalities. In conditions in which they were informed of the modalities of the two stimuli, no differences in matching performance were obtained between the four types of match (visual-visual, auditory-auditory, visual-auditory, and auditory-visual). Thus, there appeared to be no difference between the modalities in ability to perceive or retain the particular stimuli used. In conditions in which subjects were informed of the modality of the first stimulus but only of the modality in which the second stimulus would appear on 80% of trials, there was again no significant difference between auditory-auditory and visual-visual matching. However, auditory-visual matching was much faster than visual-auditory matching when the second stimulus appeared in the unexpected modality. The results suggest that subjects prepare for both possible types of match when uncertain of the second stimulus modality and that the cross-modal asymmetry reflects the additional attentional load that this incurs. 相似文献