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491.
Facial expressions are critical for effective social communication, and as such may be processed by the visual system even when it might be advantageous to ignore them. Previous research has shown that categorising emotional words was impaired when faces of a conflicting valence were simultaneously presented. In the present study, we examined whether emotional word categorisation would also be impaired when faces of the same (negative) valence but different emotional category (either angry, sad or fearful) were simultaneously presented. Behavioural results provided evidence for involuntary processing of basic emotional facial expression category, with slower word categorisation when the face and word categories were incongruent (e.g., angry word and sad face) than congruent (e.g., angry word and angry face). Event-related potentials (ERPs) time-locked to the presentation of the word-face pairs also revealed that emotional category congruency effects were evident from approximately 170 ms after stimulus onset. 相似文献
492.
Pérez-Edgar K Reeb-Sutherland BC McDermott JM White LK Henderson HA Degnan KA Hane AA Pine DS Fox NA 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(6):885-895
Behaviorally inhibited children display a temperamental profile characterized by social withdrawal and anxious behaviors.
Previous research, focused largely on adolescents, suggests that attention biases to threat may sustain high levels of behavioral
inhibition (BI) over time, helping link early temperament to social outcomes. However, no prior studies examine the association
between attention bias and BI before adolescence. The current study examined the interrelations among BI, attention biases
to threat, and social withdrawal already manifest in early childhood. Children (N = 187, 83 Male, M
age
= 61.96 months) were characterized for BI in toddlerhood (24 & 36 months). At 5 years, they completed an attention bias task
and concurrent social withdrawal was measured. As expected, BI in toddlerhood predicted high levels of social withdrawal in
early childhood. However, this relation was moderated by attention bias. The BI-withdrawal association was only evident for
children who displayed an attention bias toward threat. The data provide further support for models associating attention
with socioemotional development and the later emergence of clinical anxiety. 相似文献
493.
Behavioral inhibition is a temperament characterized in infancy and early childhood by a tendency to withdraw from novel or unfamiliar stimuli. Children exhibiting this disposition, relative to children with other dispositions, are more socially reticent, less likely to initiate interaction with peers, and more likely to develop anxiety over time. Until recently, a dominant model attributed this disposition to reductions in the threshold for engaging the circuitry supporting fear learning, particularly the amygdala. Recent work, however, also has implicated striatal circuitry and other regions that constitute components of a presumed reward system. A series of studies found that behaviorally inhibited adolescents display heightened activation of striatal structures to cues indicating an opportunity to receive reward. This article reviews evidence implicating dual roles for fear and reward circuitry in the expression of behavioral inhibition. 相似文献
494.
Fox N 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2012,51(1):65-78
In 1994, 1 million Rwandans were violently killed in only 100 days. Devastating for some Rwandan survivors was the significant role that some Catholic parishes and leaders took in ignoring, facilitating, and even perpetuating the genocide. This article seeks to understand how Rwandan genocide survivors draw on religion as they negotiate their postgenocide identities in the United States and comprehend their current faiths, beliefs, and practices. Based on qualitative interviews with Rwandan survivors now located within the United States, I argue that the experiences of religiosity postgenocide serve as both an obstacle and a resource in postgenocide life, creating significant individual and local ramifications for community engagement, reconciliation, and trauma recovery. 相似文献
495.
Factors leading humans to shift attention away from danger cues remain poorly understood. Two laboratory experiments reported here show that context interacts with learning experiences to shape attention avoidance of mild danger cues. The first experiment exposed 18 participants to contextual threat of electric shock. Attention allocation to mild danger cues was then assessed with the dot-probe task. Results showed that contextual threat caused subjects to avert attention from danger cues. In the second experiment, 36 participants were conditioned to the same contextual threat used in Experiment 1. These subjects then were randomly assigned to either an experimental group, trained to shift attention toward danger cues, or a placebo group exposed to the same stimuli without the training component. As in Experiment 1, contextual threat again caused attention allocation away from danger in the control group. However, this did not occur in the experimental group. These experiments show that acute contextual threat and learning experiences interact to shape the deployment of attention away from danger cues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
496.
Baldwin EE Boudreault P Fox M Sinsheimer JS Palmer CG 《Journal of genetic counseling》2012,21(2):256-272
Empirical data on genetic counseling outcomes in the deaf population are needed to better serve this population. This study was an examination of genetics knowledge before and after culturally and linguistically appropriate pre-test genetic counseling in a diverse deaf adult sample. Individuals ≥18?years old with early-onset sensorineural deafness were offered connexin-26/30 testing and genetic counseling. Participants completed questionnaires containing 10 genetics knowledge items at baseline and following pre-test genetic counseling. The effects of genetic counseling, prior beliefs about etiology, and participant's preferred language on genetics knowledge scores were assessed (n?=?244). Pre-test genetic counseling (p?=?.0007), language (p?.0001), prior beliefs (p?.0001), and the interaction between counseling and beliefs (p?=?.035) were predictors of genetics knowledge. American Sign Language (ASL)-users and participants with "non-genetic/unknown" prior beliefs had lower knowledge scores than English-users and participants with "genetic" prior beliefs, respectively. Genetics knowledge improved after genetic counseling regardless of participants' language; knowledge change was greater for the "non-genetic/unknown" beliefs group than the "genetic" beliefs group. ASL-users' lower knowledge scores are consistent with evidence that ethnic and cultural minority groups have less genetics knowledge, perhaps from exposure and access disparities. Culturally and linguistically appropriate pre-test genetic counseling significantly improved deaf individuals' genetics knowledge. Assessing deaf individuals' prior beliefs is important for enhancing genetics knowledge. 相似文献
497.
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500.
Elaine Fox 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1995,48(1):26-40
Research on visual selective attention has shown that processing of distractors can produce (1) interference with response to a concurrent target, and (2) negative priming of response to a subsequent target. These results support late-selection accounts of attention. However, recent findings demonstrate that when conditions are optimal for attentional focusing, the interference effects are almost entirely eliminated. This result has been interpreted as supporting early-selection accounts. The present study investigates the impact of focusing attention on negative priming in addition to interference effects. In a letter-identification task, reliable interference and negative priming effects were observed from distractors. However, when the location of the target in the prime display was pre-cued, interference effects were significantly reduced, but negative priming effects did not decrease. This pattern of results provides further evidence that the absence of interference is insufficient to determine whether distractors have been semantically processed (Driver & Tipper, 1989). 相似文献