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351.
The role of perceptual load in negative priming 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Lavie N Fox E 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2000,26(3):1038-1052
Negative priming (NP) effects from irrelevant distractors were assessed as a function of perceptual load in the processing of prime targets. Participants searched for a target letter among a varying number of nontarget letters in the center of the display and ignored an irrelevant peripheral distractor. NP from this distractor was found to depend on the relevant search set size, decreasing as this set size was increased. The authors conclude that exhausting attention in relevant processing reduces irrelevant processing (e.g., N. Lavie, 1995), leaving less distractor processing to produce NP. This conclusion is consistent with recent reactive inhibition views for NP (e.g., G. Houghton, S. P. Tipper, B. Weaver, & D. I. Shore, 1996). 相似文献
352.
People are often called on to make an assessment of the relative likelihood of events (e.g., which of two investments is more likely to outperform the market?) and their complements (which of the two investments is more likely to perform no better than the market?). Probability theory assumes that belief orderings over events and their complements should mirror each other (i.e., P(A) >/= P(B) iff P (not-A) = P(not-B)). This principle is violated in several surveys in which we asked people to assess the relative likelihood of familiar versus unfamiliar events. In particular, respondents are biased to view more familiar events (and their complements) as more likely than less familiar events (and their complements). Similarly, we observe that subjects are biased to view less familiar events (and their complements) as less likely than more familiar events (and their complements). Further studies demonstrate that the familiarity bias is less pronounced among subjects who are asked to judge the probability of each event rather than which event is more likely. Moreover, a greater proportion of subjects rate the more familiar event as more likely than assign a higher probability to that event. These patterns can be construed as belief reversals, analogous to the preference reversal phenomenon in decision making. The data are consistent with a contingent weighting model in which the process of judging relative likelihood biases attention toward evidence supporting the target hypothesis (and away from evidence supporting its complement). Because it is easier to recruit evidence supporting familiar events than unfamiliar events, this skewed attention causes both familiar events and their complements to be judged more likely, on average, than unfamiliar events and their complements. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. 相似文献
353.
A token economy that used trading stamps as tokens was instituted at two dangerous open-pit mines. Employees earned stamps for working without lost-time injuries, for being in work groups in which all other workers had no lost-time injuries, for not being involved in equipment-damaging accidents, for making adopted safety suggestions, and for unusual behavior which prevented an injury or accident. They lost stamp awards if they or other workers in their group were injured, caused equipment damage, or failed to report accidents or injuries. The stamps could be exchanged for a selection of thousands of items at redemption stores. Implementation of the token economy was followed by large reductions in the number of days lost from work because of injuries, the number of lost-time injuries, and the costs of accidents and injuries. The reductions in costs far exceeded the costs of operating the token economy. All improvements were maintained over several years. 相似文献
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355.
S Oross E Francis D Mauk R Fox 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1987,13(4):609-613
The sensitivity of human infants, 5 1/2-9 months of age, to the illusory oscillation of the Ames window was assessed in three experiments that employed some variant of the habituation-dishabituation and forced-choice preferential looking paradigms. In Experiment 1, three groups--5 1/2, 7 1/2, and 9 months of age--were given a visual choice between rotating rectangular and Ames windows after exposure to a rotating circular form. The two older groups preferred the Ames window. The results of Experiment 2 showed that this preference is not based on structural differences between the two windows. In Experiment 3, familiarization with an Ames window produced a preference for rotary motion while familiarization with a rectangular window produced a preference for oscillatory motion. These results suggest that sensitivity to the illusion emerges around 7 1/2 months of age, an outcome consistent with the emergence, at this time, of sensitivity to pictorial cues to depth. 相似文献
356.
James Fox Richard Shores David Lindeman Phillip Strain 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1986,14(3):387-396
The effects of a teacher-implemented intervention and fading package on the social initiations of three withdrawn preschool children were investigated. Subjects' social initiations and any peer responses were recorded sequentially during free play. Intervention involved teacher prompting and contingent praise of specific social initiations (sharing, assisting, verbally organizing play) by each subject toward an available peer. Results indicated that (a) teacher prompts and praise increased the frequency of subjects' target initiation, (b) target initiations typically received a positive peer response, (c) subjects' extended interactions with peers also increased, (d) abrupt, complete removal of teacher prompting resulted in similarly abrupt reductions in subjects' social initiations, whereas response-dependent fading maintained subjects' initiations and interactions above baseline levels. Follow-up data 2 1/2 months later showed that the social initiations and interactions of two of the children remained above baseline levels.This research was supported in part by Grant No. 007802088, U.S. Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services, and by Grant No. HD15051 from the National Institute of Child Health and Development. The authors wish to thank John Aiken, Gwen Beegle, Evelyn Parker, and Luis Olivera for their asistance in data collection, and Paula Goodroe, Kathy Green, and the children of the Experimental School for their cooperation in conducting this study. 相似文献
357.
Examined whether certain features of infant temperament might be related to individual differences in the asymmetry of resting frontal activation. EEG was recorded from the left and right frontal and parietal scalp regions of 13 normal 10-month-old infants. Infant behavior was then observed during a brief period of maternal separation. Those infants who cried in response to maternal separation showed greater right frontal activation during the preceding baseline period compared with infants who did not cry. Frontal activation asymmetry may be a state-independent marker for individual differences in threshold of reactivity to stressful events and vulnerability to particular emotions. 相似文献
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With computerized testing, it is possible to record both the responses of test takers to test questions (i.e., items) and the amount of time spent by a test taker in responding to each question. Various models have been proposed that take into account both test-taker ability and working speed, with the many models assuming a constant working speed throughout the test. The constant working speed assumption may be inappropriate for various reasons. For example, a test taker may need to adjust the pace due to time mismanagement, or a test taker who started out working too fast may reduce the working speed to improve accuracy. A model is proposed here that allows for variable working speed. An illustration of the model using the Amsterdam Chess Test data is provided. 相似文献