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991.
A boundary change manipulation was implemented within a monomorphemic word (e.g., fountaom as a preview for fountain), where parallel processing should occur given adequate visual acuity, and within an unspaced compound (bathroan as a preview for bathroom), where some serial processing of the constituents is likely. Consistent with that hypothesis, there was no effect of the preview manipulation on fixation time on the 1st constituent of the compound, whereas there was on the corresponding letters of the monomorphemic word. There was also a larger preview disruption on gaze duration on the whole monomorphemic word than on the compound, suggesting more parallel processing within monomorphemic words. 相似文献
992.
993.
Statistical application of signal detection theory has been used to study the clinical utility of early treatment response in a range of treatments and psychiatric disorders. The current study sought to examine the predictive value of weekly within-treatment drinking using receiver operator curves (ROCs) and zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression in 102 women with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) randomized to either alcohol behavioral individual treatment (ABIT; n = 52) or alcohol behavioral couples treatment (ABCT; n = 50). ROC analyses indicated that failure to achieve or sustain abstinence by the end-of-treatment and one-year follow-up was predicted with reasonable accuracy by week 4 percent days abstinent (PDA) in ABIT. ZIP models yielded similar results with evidence for within-treatment PDA with week 6 PDA predicting both the abstinence as well as percent days drinking at the end-of-treatment and one-year follow-up. Within-treatment PDA was a significantly better predictor of outcomes for ABIT than ABCT, despite a better overall treatment response for ABCT. Implications for stepped care models of alcohol treatment are discussed and recommendations for future research made. When Should Clinicians Switch Treatments: An Application of Signal Detection Theory to Two Treatments for Women with Alcohol Use Disorders. 相似文献
994.
The ability to track moving objects, a crucial skill for mature performance on everyday spatial tasks, has been hypothesized to require a specialized mechanism that may be available in infancy (i.e. indexes). Consistent with the idea of specialization, our previous work showed that object tracking was more impaired than a matched spatial memory task in individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), a genetic disorder characterized by severe visuo‐spatial impairment. We now ask whether this unusual pattern of performance is a reflection of general immaturity or of true abnormality, possibly reflecting the atypical brain development in WS. To examine these two possibilities, we tested typically developing 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds and people with WS on multiple object tracking (MOT) and memory for static spatial location. The maximum number of objects that could be correctly tracked or remembered (estimated from the k‐statistic) showed similar developmental profiles in typically developing 3‐ and 4‐year‐old children, but the WS profile differed from either age group. People with WS could track more objects than 3‐year‐olds, and the same number as 4‐year‐olds, but they could remember the locations of more static objects than both 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds. Combining these data with those from our previous studies, we found that typically developing children show increases in the number of objects they can track or remember between the ages of 3 and 6, and these increases grow in parallel across the two tasks. In contrast, object tracking in older children and adults with WS remains at the level of 4‐year‐olds, whereas the ability to remember multiple locations of static objects develops further. As a whole, the evidence suggests that MOT and memory for static location develop in tandem typically, but not in WS. Atypical development of the parietal lobe in people with WS could play a causal role in the abnormal, uneven pattern of performance in WS. This interpretation is consistent with the idea that multiple object tracking engages different mechanisms from those involved in memory for static object location, and that the former can be particularly disrupted by atypical development. 相似文献
995.
Maria L. Cronley Susan Powell Mantel Frank R. Kardes 《Journal of Consumer Psychology》2010,20(3):274-281
This study investigates the effects of accuracy motivation and need to evaluate on online vs. memory-based attitude formation and attitude–behavior consistency. Results show that online attitude formation is more likely when accuracy motivation or the need to evaluate is high. However, cognitive load disrupts online attitude formation even when accuracy motivation is high. Additionally, attitude relevance increases the likelihood of online attitude formation, but attitude accessibility does not. Furthermore, online (vs. memory-based) attitudes are more predictive of subsequent non-hypothetical choice. 相似文献
996.
We investigated the relationship between health care expenditures for Special Health Care Needs (SHCN) children and family
perception of financial burden. Using 2005/2006 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs data, a multivariate
logistic regression model was used to estimate the relationship between the SHCN child’s health care expenditure and perceived
financial burden, while controlling for family and child characteristics. Our analysis suggests that health care expenditures
for a SHCN child of $250 and more are associated with family perception of financial burden. In addition, families with lower
socioeconomic status also perceived financial burden at lower level of expenditures. Members of the health care team who treat
children with SHCN have an important role in understanding and assessing family financial burden as part of the care delivery
to the child and the family. Our study reinforces the need to treat the whole family as the unit of care, especially when
caring for children with special health care needs. 相似文献
997.
Despite growing attention to problems associated with girls’ and women's viewing unrealistic portrayals of women in advertising, little research has identified positive consequences of presenting larger sized females in advertisements. The present research examined these positive effects and found that instructions that support the use of larger sized females in ads (relative to a more traditional instructional frame) heightened adolescent girls’ ratings of the larger sized models’ attractiveness, self‐attractiveness, and self‐esteem without changing girls’ ratings of thinner sized models. General and valenced self‐referencing (positive and negative self‐thoughts while viewing the ads) were examined as potential mediators of the instructional effects on self‐attractiveness and self‐esteem. The findings provide evidence that girls’ perceptions can be altered in a positive manner through media images of women. 相似文献
998.
Much of the research regarding diagnosing children as LD with responsiveness-to-intervention (RTI) has examined methods to identify children as non-responsive. The current study examined the dual discrepancy (DD) definition in which children score low on a post-intervention reading measure and score below their peers in reading growth rates. Four definitions of DD were compared, student growth below the 25th percentile, 33rd percentile, 50th percentile, and less than one standard deviation below the mean. Participants were 151 children in grades 1 through 3 who were identified as experiencing reading difficulties. Results suggested that the three percentile groups significantly differentiated reading scores between DD and non-DD children, but the one standard deviation group did not. No ethnic or gender biases were noted and the 25th and 33rd percentile criteria closely matched estimates of LD prevalence. Implications for future research are included. 相似文献
999.
Barbara Gormley 《Sex roles》2005,52(11-12):785-795
Adult attachment theory and research specifically related to men’s and women’s intimate partner violence (IPV) are reviewed. In an effort to help explain gender similarities, two different IPV patterns predicted by individual differences in adult attachment orientations are proposed. Gender differences are addressed, including by critiquing the assessment of outcome severity in previous research. Applications to practice and recommendations for future research are discussed. 相似文献
1000.
Sandra T. Sigmon Jennifer J. Pells Nina E. Boulard Stacy Whitcomb-Smith Teresa M. Edenfield Barbara A. Hermann Stephanie M. LaMattina Janell G. Schartel Elizabeth Kubik 《Sex roles》2005,53(5-6):401-411
This study was designed to revisit the response bias hypothesis, which posits that gender differences in depression prevalence
rates may reflect a tendency for men to underreport depressive symptoms. In this study, we examined aspects of gender role
socialization (gender-related traits, socially desirable responding, beliefs about mental health and depression) that may
contribute to a response bias in self-reports of depression. In addition, we investigated the impact of two contextual variables
(i.e., cause of depression and level of intrusiveness of experimental follow-up) on self-reports of depressive symptoms. Results
indicated that men, but not women, reported fewer depressive symptoms when consent forms indicated that a more involved follow-up
might occur. Further, results indicated differential responding by men and women on measures of gender-related traits, mental
health beliefs, and beliefs about depression and predictors of depressed mood. Together, our results support the assertion
that, in specific contexts, a response bias explanation warrants further consideration in investigations of gender differences
in rates of self-reported depression. 相似文献