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891.
Research has shown that people can respond both self-defensively and pro-socially when they experience shame. We address this paradox by differentiating among specific appraisals (of specific self-defect and concern for condemnation) and feelings (of shame, inferiority, and rejection) often reported as part of shame. In two Experiments (Study 1: N = 85; Study 2: N = 112), manipulations that put participants’ social-image at risk increased their appraisal of concern for condemnation. In Study 2, a manipulation of moral failure increased participants’ appraisal that they suffered a specific self-defect. In both studies, mediation analyses showed that effects of the social-image at risk manipulation on self-defensive motivation were explained by appraisal of concern for condemnation and felt rejection. In contrast, the effect of the moral failure manipulation on pro-social motivation in Study 2 was explained by appraisal of a specific self-defect and felt shame. Thus, distinguishing among the appraisals and feelings tied to shame enabled clearer prediction of pro-social and self-defensive responses to moral failure with and without risk to social-image. 相似文献
892.
Colin Howson 《国际科学哲学研究》2016,30(3):299-306
Bandyopadhyay, Taper, and Brittan (BTB) advance a measure of evidential support that first appeared in the statistical and philosophical literature four decades ago and have been extensively discussed since. I have argued elsewhere, however, that it is vulnerable to a simple counterexample. BTB claim that the counterexample is flawed because it conflates evidence with confirmation. In this reply, I argue that the counterexample stands, and is fatal to their theory. 相似文献
893.
We proposed and evaluated an instructional framework for increasing students' ability to understand and regulate collaborative interactions called Co-Regulated Collaborative Learning (CRCL). In this instantiation of CRCL, models of collaborative competence were articulated through a set of socio-metacognitive roles. Our population consisted of 28 students from one urban classroom taking part in an 11-week science unit. Our research questions focused on examining the extent to which students understood and used the roles as intended to regulate collaborative interactions to address group process problems. Mixed-methods analysis of collaborative work sessions determined that (a) students generally understood the language and purpose of the roles, (b) students frequently used and accepted the roles to monitor and regulate activity, and (c) students' ability to use the roles to monitor and regulate activity improved over time. This paper contributes to our understanding of socio-metacognition and trade-offs associated to its development in classroom settings. 相似文献
894.
895.
Elien De Caluwé Lize Verbeke Barbara De Clercq 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2016,38(3):476-484
In order to better understand the heterogeneous nature of Obsessive-Compulsive (OC) symptoms, a typological or a dimensional approach can be used to structure the variety of symptoms into a set of core components. However, there is still no consensus on which approach is the most robust to predict several OC-related criterion measures, especially in adolescents. From this perspective, the current study empirically identified OC classes (i.e., types), and explored whether types or dimensions are the strongest predictors of adolescent OC-related criterion variables. To identify OC classes, we conducted latent class analysis on the Youth Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Scale (YOCSS; De Caluwé and De Clercq 2014) that was completed by 682 community and referred adolescents (71.4 % girls, 12–18 years old, mean age = 15.67, SD = 1.53), and we also computed OC dimension scores as outlined in De Caluwé and De Clercq (2014). We subsequently used hierarchical regression analysis to examine the incremental validity of the OC classes beyond the OC domains, and vice versa, in predicting several OC-related criterion variables that were completed by the adolescents or their mothers (N = 325). The results indicated that the two identified OC classes only differed quantitatively but not qualitatively, hence reflecting severity classes, and also showed that OC domains have significant effects beyond the effects of the OC classes, whereas the reverse did not hold. The dimensional approach appears to have the strongest predictive value for OC symptomatology in adolescents, leading to clinical implications for conceptualization and assessment of obsessive and compulsive problems in younger age groups. 相似文献
896.
897.
Previous studies have shown that the effect of the Spatial Musical Association of Response Codes (SMARC) depends on various features, such as task conditions (whether pitch height is implicit or explicit), response dimension (horizontal vs. vertical), presence or absence of a reference tone, and former musical training of the participants. In the present study, we investigated the effects of pitch range and timbre: in particular, how timbre (piano vs. vocal) contributes to the horizontal and vertical SMARC effect in nonmusicians under varied pitch range conditions. Nonmusicians performed a timbre judgement task in which the pitch range was either small (6 or 8 semitone steps) or large (9 or 12 semitone steps) in a horizontal and a vertical response setting. For piano sounds, SMARC effects were observed in all conditions. For the vocal sounds, in contrast, SMARC effects depended on pitch range. We concluded that the occurrence of the SMARC effect, especially in horizontal response settings, depends on the interaction of the timbre (vocal and piano) and pitch range if vocal and instrumental sounds are combined in one experiment: the human voice enhances the attention, both to the vocal and the instrumental sounds. 相似文献
898.
Fritz Günther Carolin Dudschig Barbara Kaup 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2016,69(4):626-653
In distributional semantics models (DSMs) such as latent semantic analysis (LSA), words are represented as vectors in a high-dimensional vector space. This allows for computing word similarities as the cosine of the angle between two such vectors. In two experiments, we investigated whether LSA cosine similarities predict priming effects, in that higher cosine similarities are associated with shorter reaction times (RTs). Critically, we applied a pseudo-random procedure in generating the item material to ensure that we directly manipulated LSA cosines as an independent variable. We employed two lexical priming experiments with lexical decision tasks (LDTs). In Experiment 1 we presented participants with 200 different prime words, each paired with one unique target. We found a significant effect of cosine similarities on RTs. The same was true for Experiment 2, where we reversed the prime-target order (primes of Experiment 1 were targets in Experiment 2, and vice versa). The results of these experiments confirm that LSA cosine similarities can predict priming effects, supporting the view that they are psychologically relevant. The present study thereby provides evidence for qualifying LSA cosine similarities not only as a linguistic measure, but also as a cognitive similarity measure. However, it is also shown that other DSMs can outperform LSA as a predictor of priming effects. 相似文献
899.
Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death and disability in America. The burden of cardiovascular disease is higher in elders than in younger populations, presumably because of life-long exposure to risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, abnormal blood lipids, lack of exercise, and/or obesity. Many assume that it is too late to attempt to modify risk factors in elders because behavior is so difficult to change. The purpose of this article is to argue that cardiovascular risk factor modification is effective in elders and should be vigorously pursued for the good of individuals, families, communities, and societies. 相似文献
900.