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971.
Susan E. Gathercole Elisabet Service Graham J. Hitch Anne‐Marie Adams Amanda J. Martin 《Applied cognitive psychology》1999,13(1):65-77
The nature and generality of the developmental association between phonological short‐term memory and vocabulary knowledge was explored in two studies. Study 1 investigated whether the link between vocabulary and verbal memory arises from the requirement to articulate memory items at recall or from earlier processes involved in the encoding and storage of the verbal material. Four‐year‐old children were tested on immediate memory measures which required either spoken recall (nonword repetition and digit span) or recognition of a sequence of nonwords. The phonological memory–vocabulary association was found to be as strong for the serial recognition as recall‐based measures, favouring the view that it is phonological short‐term memory capacity rather than speech output skills which constrain word learning. In Study 2, the association between phonological memory skills and vocabulary knowledge was found to be strong in teenaged as well as younger children, indicating that phonological memory constraints on word learning remain significant throughout childhood. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
972.
973.
Kay Donahue Jennings Katherine L. Wisner Barbara A. Conley 《Infant mental health journal》1991,12(4):276-290
This paper describes a pregnancy and infant/parent program that was developed to provide comprehensive mental health services to families with children under 3 years of age. Because either the infant or parent can be the identified patient, we are able to treat families who define their problems in a variety of ways. The program has four basic premises: (1) the mental health of all family members should be addressed, (2) treatment of family members should be provided with minimum fragmentation of services, (3) the treatment plan must be individualized for each family, and (4) modes of therapy must be changed as the needs of the family change over time. This paper presents the rationale and techniques necessary for integrated services to families with children under 3 years of age. Two cases are presented: one with the infant as the identified patient, and one with the mother as the identified patient. 相似文献
974.
Barbara Ross 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》1996,32(3):318-322
975.
This paper attempts to establish the beginnings of a conceptual and theoretical framework for psychotherapists and counsellors to 'work with' racial identity psychologically and psychological identity racially in cross-cultural clients. Using the video presentation - of a black client in therapy with Carl Rogers (in the 1970s) - Right to be Desperate and Hurt and Anger as a case vignette, the paper argues that racial/psychological self understanding is possible in therapy. The therapy sessions are critiqued in terms of race and multi-cultural psychotherapy and counselling. Since the video was widely used in the 1990s and is currently used in counselling and multi-cultural therapy training, it was felt that an examination and analysis of some of its contents would offer clinical possibilities in terms of race, culture and ethnicity. Through the analysis of significant excerpts the paper attempts to show that the conflicts, confusions and tensions that arise between a white therapist and a black client can be used creatively to engender trust, openness and cross-racial therapeutic possibilities. 相似文献
976.
977.
This study examined the function of approach and avoidant coping on the relations between exposure to violence and post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The sample included seventy African-American, inner-city children (ages eleven to fourteen).
Tests of moderating effects investigated the mechanism of two avoidant coping strategies, cognitive distraction and behavioral
avoidance. Cognitive distraction was found to moderate the level of violence exposure such that, as violence increased, the
use of cognitive distraction was related to an increased frequency of cognitive arousal. Behavioral avoidance moderated violence
such that, under higher exposure to violence, the lowered use of behavioral avoidance was related to an increased frequency
of behavioral arousal. Tests of moderating effects examined the function of two approach strategies, problem-solving and social
support. Neither strategy showed significant effects. This study provided a first-step in the examination of coping within
inner-city children.
Portions of this research were supported by a grant from the U. S. Department of
Portions of this research were supported by a grant from the U. S. Department of
Portions of this research were supported by a grant from the U. S. Department of 相似文献
978.
Social cognitive predictors of 36 White preschoolers' (18 boys, 18 girls) tendencies to say they would act prosocially toward
White and African-American children were examined. White preschoolers completed measures of their tendency to engage in prosocial
behaviors directed toward White and African-American children, positive racial beliefs about White and African-American persons,
and race schematicity. Consistent with previous research examining prosocial behavior in preschoolers, girls were more likely
than boys to say they would act prosocially. White preschoolers' age in months did not correlate significantly with their
tendencies to engage in prosocial behaviors toward White children. However, age in months was negatively correlated with White
preschoolers' inclinations to direct prosocial behaviors toward African-American children. Consistent with an emerging literature
concerning the role of social cognitive factors in young children's race schema development, White preschoolers' race schematicity
was significantly predictive of their tendencies to say they would engage in prosocial behaviors toward African-American children.
Patterns of results partially replicate previous prosocial behavior research, and demonstrate the importance of social cognitive
variables on young children's prosocial behaviors.
This research was undertaken as part of a graduate program in psychology at the University of Wyoming by the first author
under the direction of the second author. The authors express gratitude to Karen Bartsch, Ph.D., and Bernita Quoss, Ph.D.,
and Jesse Barber, Sylvia Jones, and Nicole Martin of the University of Wyoming and to Nancy Eisenberg, Ph.D., of Arizona State
University. 相似文献
979.
Margaret Dempsey Ph.D. Overstreet Stacy Barbara Moely 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2000,19(1):28-45
This study examined the function of approach and avoidant coping on the relations between exposure to violence and post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The sample included seventy African-American, inner-city children (ages eleven to fourteen).
Tests of moderating effects investigated the mechanism of two avoidant coping strategies, cognitive distraction and behavioral
avoidance. Cognitive distraction was found to moderate the level of violence exposure such that, as violence increased, the
use of cognitive distraction was related to an increased frequency of cognitive arousal. Behavioral avoidance moderated violence
such that, under higher exposure to violence, the lowered use of behavioral avoidance was related to an increased frequency
of behavioral arousal. Tests of moderating effects examined the function of two approach strategies, problem-solving and social
support. Neither strategy showed significant effects. This study provided a first-step in the examination of coping within
inner-city children.
Portions of this research were supported by a grant from the U. S. Department of
Portions of this research were supported by a grant from the U. S. Department of
Portions of this research were supported by a grant from the U. S. Department of 相似文献
980.
Philosophical Studies - 相似文献