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921.
Bernhardt BA Geller G Strauss M Helzlsouer KJ Stefanek M Wilcox PM Holtzman NA 《Journal of genetic counseling》1997,6(2):207-222
As an initial part of a project to develop a model informed consent process for BRCA1 testing, we conducted a series of focus groups. At the groups, women initially expressed great interest in testing, but their interest diminished after learning more. If offered testing, women would most want to learn about test accuracy, practical details of testing, and management options if the result was positive. Perceived benefits of testing included gaining information leading to risk reduction, relief of uncertainty, more responsible parenting, and assisting in research. Perceived risks included the discomfort and cost of the testing process itself, and anxiety after a positive result. The risk of possible insurance discrimination was rarely mentioned spontaneously. Many women would want their providers to make recommendations, rather than be nondirective about testing. We observed that women vary greatly in their informational and counseling needs, and suggest that the informed consent process should be individualized, taking into account a woman's perception and her preferences for how testing decisions should be made. 相似文献
922.
Barbara H. Basden David R. Basden Robert L. Thomas Steven Souphasith 《Current Psychology》1997,16(3-4):225-246
Earlier we reported (Basden, Basden, Bryner, ...Thomas, 1997) that, in comparison with nominal groups (three people tested
individually), three-person collaborative groups recalled fewer presented words but intruded more nonpresented words. In the
present research, Experiment 1 showed that when presented words were associatively related to critical nonpresented words,
collaboration inhibited recall of presented words but did not influence recall of critical nonpresented words. Experiment
2 showed that with categorized lists, recall of high taxonomic frequency critical nonpresented words was greater for collaborative
groups than for nominal groups. Collaboration did not inhibit recall of presented words, presumably because guessing supplemented
recall in collaborative groups. Greater false recall in collaborative than in nominal groups appears to result from activation
of superordinate-to-item associations rather than item-to-item associations. 相似文献
923.
This study examined social-psychological antecedents of the sex type of occupational preferences and expectations of White college women. High sex-role contingency orientation (SRCO)—attitudes and explanations for occupational choices which reflect a primary and explicit concern with marriage and family—was associated with expectations and preferences for occupations in which females predominate and with the tendency to have more traditionally feminine expectations than preferences.SRCO was significantly related to locus of control (I-E) with women high or intermediate in SRCO being primarily internal or external; women with low SRCO being primarily intermediate in I-E.This study was supported by a Faculty Research Grant from the Graduate Research Council of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. 相似文献
924.
Barbara Loken 《Journal of experimental social psychology》1984,20(3):272-296
Several models of memory-based attitude processing were examined in a laboratory experiment. After receiving stimulus information with implications for either one or both of two attitudes (toward a person and toward a behavior with respect to this person), subjects were asked to recall the information and to report their attitudes. Information was received under instructions to form only one of these two attitudes. Consistent with past research, information was subsequently better recalled when it had implications for the attitude being evaluated than when it did not. However, null effects of the instructional set on reported attitudes suggested that subjects relied on their memory-for-attitude (or additional implications) rather than on memory-for-facts. The present findings extend the generality of this conclusion to behavioral attitudes, large stimulus sets, and heterogeneous stimulus items. Low correlations between recalled stimuli and reported attitudes also supported a memory-for-attitude model. However, correlations between behavioral attitudes and recall of behavioral outcomes increased under certain conditions. Results are discussed in relation to recent findings in person perception research. 相似文献
925.
926.
Barbara J. Myers Ph.D. Gena C. Britt M.S. Diane E. Lodder M.S. Kathy A. Kendall B.S. Margaret G. Williams-Petersen Ph.D. 《Journal of child and family studies》1992,1(4):393-415
We review the effects of maternal cocaine use on the developing human fetus and infant in terms of methodological problems; the physiological action of cocaine on adults and on the developing fetus; the epidemiology of cocaine use; effects on fetal and infant mortality; growth of cocaine-exposed fetuses and infants; physical anomalies; evidence for and against infant withdrawal from cocaine; neurological effects; behavioral effects as shown by the NBAS; findings related to mother-infant interaction and emotional development; and parenting by cocaine-using mothers. Findings in most areas should be considered preliminary due to methodological problems. Published studies of long-term development are not yet available. In general, deleterious consequences of prenatal cocaine exposure are found for some portion of prenatally exposed infants. However, many findings of no difference are also available in methodologically well-controlled studies. 相似文献
927.
Bruce Hunsberger James Lea S. Mark Pancer Michael Pratt Barbara McKenzie 《Journal of personality》1992,60(1):95-114
ABSTRACT Two studies are reported which assess the proclivity of individuals to increase the integrative complexity of social, moral, or religious thinking when prompted to do so. We also examined the influence on complexity of topic area and respondents' religiosity. In both studies significant increases in complexity were obtained when participants were prompted to differentiate and integrate material, suggesting that an important distinction needs to be made between competence and performance with respect to complexity. However, there was some evidence that prompting complexity was more effective in eliciting differentiation than integration. Both studies indicated that overall, religious orientation was not a significant predictor of integrative complexity, nor did it interact with other factors (including religious vs. nonreligious content of stimulus materials). Finally, there was some evidence that complexity may vary across different content areas, and this variation may be differentially affected by prompting for complexity. 相似文献
928.
Kosslyn (1980, 1983) theorized that performance measures on imagery tasks may vary as a function of the existence of independent processes in imaging ability. The present study determined whether improvement can be made in performance on such tasks with practice. It also considered whether performance on such tasks improves with practice and whether this improvement generalizes. Experiment 1 determined whether improvement in a mental rotation task generalizes to improvement in a geometric analogies task, with both tasks weighted in Kosslyn's find process, but not in a line drawing memory task weighted in Kosslyn's regenerate process. In Experiment 2, we examined generalization in improvement from a geometric analogies task to a mental rotation task. In Experiment 3, we tested whether improvement in an animal imagery task (Kosslyn, 1975) generalizes to improvement in a line drawing memory task, with both tasks weighted in Kosslyn's regenerate process, but not to improvement in a mental rotation task. Performance improved with practice on all tasks. Furthermore, performance improved from one task to another only if both tasks loaded on the same process. 相似文献
929.
Dennis R. Laker Brian D. Steffy Barbara W. Shimko 《Journal of business and psychology》1992,7(1):99-107
The impact on felt stress and and stress-related behaviors of household composition and proportion of pay utilized to sustain the household economy was evaluated using a homogenous group of female professionals. After controlling for individual-difference and work-load influences, the impact of household variables was found to be weak and inconsistent. While living alone with a child and having a larger proportion of one's salary allocated to sustaining the household economy was associated with psychosomatic distress, household factors did not predict sickdays, medication usage and alcohol consumption. The reasons for these weak and inconsistent findings were explored. 相似文献
930.
Barbara Kolodziej Jensen 《Acta psychologica》1982,50(2):159-178
The study examined the effects of degree of paramenstrual distress, signal frequency, task load and time on task on psychomotor performance across the menstrual cycle. Simple reaction time, choice reaction time and pursuit tracking were the tasks employed, and performance was assessed using the metrics of mean level, variability, and errors of omission and commission. The results showed performance as a function of menstrual cycle phase and paramenstrual distress to be highly task and metric specific, a finding typical of stressor variables: pursuit tracking was affected by phase, with mean performance at its worst premenstrually; choice reaction time was dependent on a complex interaction of experimental variables and measurement metrics; simple reaction time showed no significant effects. Patterns of attention allocation in a time-sharing situation combining both pursuit tracking and choice reaction time components were also investigated. Trends here indicated relatively better performance both menstrually and intermenstrually as components increased in signal/response frequency, with a corresponding deterioration premenstrually. Overall performance capacity appeared to be greatest at menstruation, and the degree of attentional selectivity was least. High distress women performed better on low frequency components, whereas asymptomatic women did better at higher signal rates. 相似文献