Prediction as a means of inducing tolerance

Female subjects were exposed individually to the attitude item responses of a similar or dissimilar stranger. They were asked either to copy down the stranger's attitudes or to predict (with accurate feedback) how the stranger answered each item. Predict subjects were found to be more tolerant of the dissimilar stranger than were Copy subjects, while both groups were equally attracted to the similar stranger. It was suggested that training people to anticipate disagreements may be a useful way of fostering tolerance.     

Communicative stress and stuttering frequency during normal,whispered, and articulation-without-phonation speech modes

The effect of communicative stress on the frequency of stuttered syllables in 12 adult stutterers reading six different but equivalent passages using normal voicing, whispering, and articulation-without-phonation speech under a stress and a non-stress condition was studied. Although the frequency of stuttering was significantly greater in the normal voicing mode than in the whispering mode and greater in the whispering mode than in the articulation-without-phonation mode, no differences were found between the stress and the nonstress conditions with respect to stuttering.     

The neurotic paradox and self-punitive behavior in humans

Human subjects learned a key-pressing response in order to avoid or escape shock. The reinforcement contingencies were then changed to punishment or to regular nonpunished extinction. The locus of shock onset and offset was systematically varied during the punishment phase. More subjects reported awarencess of the change in the nonpunished extinction group. By inference, the punished groups responded more, and thus the results appear analogous to animal studies on vicious circle, self-punitive responding. Discriminability of change from acquisition to extinction appeared to affect detection of the change.     

Writing Avoidance: A Professional Approach

Counselors, perhaps wore than most other professionals, practice writing avoidance. This article suggests a functional avoidance system based on empirically validated methodologies. A step-by-step method is proposed as well as ways to handle inevitable pressures and paradoxes.     

Alcohol breath tests: Criterion times for avoiding contamination by “mouth alcohol”

Using either a gas chromatography or an infrared absorption technique, series of blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) determined by breath tests were obtained from human subjects immediately subsequent to their having only oral contact with beverages ranging in ethyl alcohol concentration from 4% to 95% +. Times for total dissipation of mouth alcohol residuals to a level of practical nonsignificance ranged from 10 to 19 min. Dissipation rates were an inverse and approximately exponential function of the ethyl alcohol concentration of the beverage and were greatly shortened by rinsing the mouth with warm (34°C) water prior to testing. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the methodology of a number of research studies employing BAC breath-testing equipment.     

Microprocessors in the laboratory: Dedicated computation and time-shared peripherals with REMOTE-11

This article describes a new solution to the dilemma faced by investigators who need dedicated computers but cannot afford the cost of expensive peripherals. An available software-hardware combination is described that permits users to timeshare expensive peripherals but to have a dedicated microprocessor at their disposal.     

MENTAL ROTATION AND TYPICAL VIEWS: A HEURISTIC EXPERIMENT

Subjects were presented either with models set at an angle or with photographs of such models. They were required to remember the orientation (or the depicted orientation) and to reproduce it using similar models placed on a turntable. It was found that the subjects showed a systematic tendency to reproduce the settings of the depicted models as being closer to the one of the two ‘typical’ settings (profile and face on) than they really were. The continuum between the two ‘typical’ settings appeared to be divided into two unequal zones and the sense of the error made was dependent on the zone from which the stimulus originated. No similar effects were observed in the responses made to models.