亚洲社会文化背景下的宗教变迁与对话

本文就“第四届亚洲学学者大会”学者发言,分析了当代亚洲宗教研究的七大热点问题,并认为当代亚洲宗教研究的发展趋势和研究现状有以下几大特点:第一,多学科视角越来越多地应用到亚洲宗教研究领域中;第二,亚洲宗教研究的焦点集中在南亚地区宗教意识形态和伊斯兰教发展问题上;第三,研究手段中越来越多地采用新技术和新方法;第四,当代宗教研究具有对策化和应用化的趋势。     

Two spatially separated attention systems in the visual field: evidence from inhibition of return

It has been demonstrated that the human visual field shows some functional inhomogeneities, in particular when the central and perifoveal regions are compared to the more peripheral regions. The present study examined this inhomogeneity by examining the effect of stimulus eccentricity on inhibition of return (IOR), a phenomenon that biases our attention towards novel locations against returning it back to previously attended locations. Eighteen subjects were examined in a visual detection task, in which a target appeared randomly following a nonpredictive spatial cue in the visual field. The eccentricities of the cues and targets were systematically manipulated from 5° to 30° with 5° increments. Results showed that response times to targets that appeared at cued locations were significantly slower than those at uncued locations for all stimulus eccentricities, demonstrating the IOR effects. However, response times at cued locations increased significantly when stimulus eccentricity shifted from 15° to 20°, leading to a much stronger IOR effect at more peripheral regions compared to central and perifoveal regions, indicating a functional dissociation between these two regions of the visual field. Possible neural mechanisms underlying this dissociation are discussed, and two attention systems modulating the two functional regions of the visual field are put forward to best account the present finding implicating in particular midbrain mechanism.     

不同类型考试焦虑影响考试成绩的差异模式

调查了440名高中生,以不同类型考试焦虑为预测变量,以掌握目标、情绪性、应对反应、考试自我效能感、成绩-接近目标、成绩-回避目标、担忧、学习和考试技能、认知干扰为中介变量,期末数学考试成绩为最终结果变量,探讨不同类型考试焦虑影响考试成绩的模式。结果表明:不同类型考试焦虑具有不同的影响考试成绩的模式,即存在认知主导型模式(简称C模式)、生理唤醒主导型模式(简称P模式)、技能缺乏主导型模式(S模式)等三种不同的模式。担忧是C模式中的主要中介变量,P模式的主要特征是担忧对情绪性存在显著影响,S模式的特点是中介变量较少,学习和考试技能变量受考试焦虑和考试自我效能感双重影响并作用于考试成绩。     

知情同意在中国不适用吗——“文化差异论”的认知错误

知情同意是在当代生命伦理学中最有影响的概念,在大多数西方国家它已成为医疗实践和涉及人体的医学科学研究的一个基本的伦理要求。不少西方和中国学者认为,由于中西文化显著而根本的差异,知情同意不适宜于中国。指出了“文化差异论”的三个认知错误,即,文化差异论是建立在对中国文化和医学道德、西方文化以及知情同意的一系列误解之上的。基于文化的差异而拒绝知情同意在中国的适用性和必要性,显然不能成立。     

工作记忆表征引导视觉注意选择的眼动研究

工作记忆表征能否引导视觉注意选择？目前实验结果尚不一致。有研究者认为能否观察到注意引导效应取决于视觉搜索类型。研究采用工作记忆任务与视觉搜索任务相结合的双任务范式, 结合眼动追踪技术, 对不同视觉搜索类型下的注意引导效应进行验证。实验1结果发现, 不管视觉搜索任务的靶子是否变化, 在早期的眼动指标上都发现了显著的注意引导效应, 但注意引导效应在靶子固定的视觉搜索任务下表现得更强。实验2在平衡两种视觉搜索任务中的工作记忆负载后发现, 两种视觉搜索任务下都出现了显著的注意引导效应, 但没有发现实验1中所出现的任务间差异。实验结果否定了视觉搜索类型对注意引导效应的决定性影响, 同时也提示工作记忆负载可能在注意引导效应中起重要作用。     

中学生学习倦怠与未来时间洞察力、成就目标取向的关系

采用问卷调查法对989名中学生进行施测,探讨了学习倦怠及其与未来时间洞察力和成就目标趋向的关系.结果发现:(1)未来时间洞察力与成绩趋近、掌握趋近和掌握回避有显著的正相关,并具有显著的预测作用:未来时间洞察力与成绩回避取向和学习倦怠具有显著的负相关,并具有显著的预测作用; (2)掌握趋近取向与学习倦怠具有显著的负相关,并有预测作用:成绩回避和掌握回避与学习倦怠有显著的正相关,并具有显著的预测作用; (3)掌握趋近、成绩回避和掌握回避取向在未来时间洞察力与学习倦怠之间有部分中介作用.     

通货膨胀、通货紧缩和产品类型对货币幻觉的影响

货币幻觉是指经济交易活动中,人们因倾向于以货币的名义价值而非实际价值思考从而对其消费和投资行为造成影响的一种认知偏差。本研究探讨了在通货膨胀和通货紧缩下以及产品类型对货币幻觉程度的影响。研究发现,在通货膨胀或通货紧缩下,大部分被试判断经济状况时不受货币名义价值的影响,而判断快乐程度和离职意向时受到货币名义价值的影响;在相同的涨价幅度下被试对日常消费品和昂贵消费品涨价幅度的判断差异显著,昂贵消费品引起人们更高程度的货币幻觉。     

The beneficial effect of Tai Chi on self‐concept in adolescents

Previous research has documented the beneficial effect of Tai Chi, but most of the studies focused on elders and patients with specific health conditions. The aim of the study was to test whether Tai Chi can help to improve self‐concept in adolescents with a longitudinal study. The sample comprised 160 students from a Chinese middle school; half of students formed the experimental group and the rest formed the control group. A 1‐year Tai Chi intervention was delivered in 60‐minute sessions, five times a week. Both groups were instructed to complete the measure of self‐concept at the beginning and end of the intervention. Statistical analysis shows the significant reduction of good behaviour, intellectual and school status, popularity and anxiety in the experimental group compared with the control group. The results suggest that the Tai Chi intervention could improve self‐concept in adolescents.     

Are Chinese narcissists disagreeable? Evidence from self‐ and peer‐ratings of agreeableness

Many studies have found that narcissism is negatively related to agreeableness in Western samples. Four experiments explored this relationship in a Chinese population. In Study 1, 228 junior high school students reported their narcissism and Five Factor Personality traits. In Study 2, participants recruited through the internet completed the measures of narcissism and agreeableness. In Study 3, 145 college students completed the measures of narcissism and agreeableness, as well as self‐esteem and social desirability. In Study 4, 204 senior high school adolescents reported their own narcissistic and agreeableness personality traits. They also received peer‐ratings of agreeableness. We found that narcissism was positively related with self‐reported agreeableness (Study 1, 2 and 4), but not with other ratings of agreeableness (Study 4). Chinese narcissists perceived themselves as agreeable, and their self‐perceptions of agreeableness were more positive than their peers rated them. We discuss the current findings in relation to the Chinese cultural context and underscore cultural roots of narcissism.     

Pathogens promote matrilocal family ties and the copying of foreign religions

Within the same pathogen-stress framework as proposed by Fincher & Thornhill (F&T), we argue further that pathogen stress promotes matrilocal rather than patrilocal family ties which, in turn, slow down the process of modernity; and that pathogen stress promotes social learning or copying, including the adoption of foreign religions.