试论明代峨眉山佛教发展特点

峨眉山早期是道教尊奉的名山,后来成为普贤道场,并逐渐发展为佛教四大名山之一。在峨眉山佛教发展的各个历史时期中,明代是峨眉山佛教发展史上的鼎盛时期。本文以明代峨眉山佛教最具影响力的四位著名高僧的事例为代表,分别从四个方面对明代峨眉山佛教发展的特点进行了论述。     

Sociolinguistic awareness and false belief in young Cantonese learners of English

In this study, we examined whether sociolinguistic awareness and false belief were uniquely related in 3- and 4-year-old Cantonese-speaking children learning English as a second language. The English-use background of these children varied so that they possessed sociolinguistic awareness to different degrees. Results indicated that sociolinguistic awareness predicted false belief uniquely after controlling for age, nonverbal intelligence, English vocabulary, and family income for both the second language learners and the more balanced bilinguals. The group difference in false belief was adequately explained by the corresponding difference in sociolinguistic awareness over and above the other variables. Such findings provide evidence for the claim that false belief understanding is critically related to sociolinguistic awareness, which in turn is influenced by how a second language is learned.     

临床肺减容术发展历程中的矛盾思辨

晚期肺气肿是进行性恶化的常见呼吸系统疾病。由于内科药物治疗不能彻底遏制疾病的自然进程,外科肺减容术应时而生。但手术治疗有着与生俱来的缺点,因此内科介入肺减容术基于相似的机理出现了,并可与外科手术序贯应用。这种矛盾双方的对立与统一促进了该领域的发展,也是一种解决临床问题的重要辩证思维。     

自我概念威胁以及与重要他人的比较共同削弱自我面孔优势效应

内隐积极联想理论(implicit positive association, IPA)认为自我面孔识别以及与之伴随的自我意识激发了自我概念的积极属性, 促进了对自我面孔的识别优势, 因此通过自我概念威胁可以削弱自我面孔识别的优势效应。本研究旨在探讨自我概念威胁以及与重要他人的比较对自我面孔优势效应的共同影响。实验一为自我-朋友对比实验, 10对同性好友(20名被试)在接受完自我概念威胁启动或者非威胁性启动后对自我面孔和朋友面孔进行朝向的判断, 结果发现非威胁性启动后, 自我面孔的优势效应依然存在, 而在自我概念威胁启动后, 自我面孔优势效应消失。实验二为自我-陌生人对比实验, 另外20名被试在接受完自我概念威胁启动或者非威胁性启动后, 对自我面孔和陌生人面孔进行朝向的判断, 结果发现, 无论是自我概念威胁启动还是非威胁性启动后, 自我面孔识别优势效应都依然存在。两个实验的结果均主要体现在用左手进行反应的时候。结果表明：自我概念威胁以及与重要他人的比较共同削弱自我面孔优势效应; 而左手效应的发生似乎表明了大脑右半球对自我面孔识别的主导和调节作用。     

阅读知觉广度眼动研究述评

文章述评了测量阅读知觉广度的实验范式,并对阅读知觉广度的研究成果以及影响阅读知觉广度大小的因素进行小结,最后对国内研究阅读知觉广度需要注意的问题进行了讨论。     

词边界信息和词频在汉语阅读中的作用

利用Eyelink2000眼动仪,记录27名本科生阅读时的眼动轨迹。句子中插入四种空格(正常无空格、词间空格、字间空格和非词空格)标记词边界信息,并操纵目标词的词频,以考察词边界信息和词频在汉语阅读中的作用。结果表明:(1)插入非词空格对低频词的干扰作用大于高频词,插入字间空格能促进低频词的加工;(2)被试对低频词的加工难度均大于高频词;(3)汉语阅读的基本加工单位为词而不是汉字。     

Adaptive influence of long term high altitude residence on spatial working memory: An fMRI study

With an increasing population living at a high altitude (HA), the impact of HA residence on human cognitive function has raised concerns. We recruited two groups of college students with one group born and grew up at HA until early adulthood and the control group born and grew up at near sea level (SL); the two groups were matched at age, gender ratio, educational level, the ancestral lines, and peripheral physiology (especially the hemoglobin concentration). A 2-back spatial working memory task was performed by each subject in the scanner while fMRI data were acquired. Compared to the SL control group, the HA group showed equal response accuracy, with more variance in reaction time and a larger average value. fMRI data indicated that both groups showed common activation patterns in the neural pathway typically associated with working memory. The HA group had greater activation at the left pyramis, the left superior temporal gyrus and less activation at the left middle occipital gyrus. Significant correlations were found within each group between the reaction times and BOLD signal change amplitudes at the frontal cortex and the precentral cortex.     

Exposure to nature counteracts aggression after depletion

Acts of self‐control are more likely to fail after previous exertion of self‐control, known as the ego depletion effect. Research has shown that depleted participants behave more aggressively than non‐depleted participants, especially after being provoked. Although exposure to nature (e.g., a walk in the park) has been predicted to replenish resources common to executive functioning and self‐control, the extent to which exposure to nature may counteract the depletion effect on aggression has yet to be determined. The present study investigated the effects of exposure to nature on aggression following depletion. Aggression was measured by the intensity of noise blasts participants delivered to an ostensible opponent in a competition reaction‐time task. As predicted, an interaction occurred between depletion and environmental manipulations for provoked aggression. Specifically, depleted participants behaved more aggressively in response to provocation than non‐depleted participants in the urban condition. However, provoked aggression did not differ between depleted and non‐depleted participants in the natural condition. Moreover, within the depletion condition, participants in the natural condition had lower levels of provoked aggression than participants in the urban condition. This study suggests that a brief period of nature exposure may restore self‐control and help depleted people regain control over aggressive urges.

     

自我效能感影响航线飞行安全绩效的多重中介模型

采用问卷法调查了138名民航飞行员,探讨了自我效能感对飞行安全绩效的影响,以及在这一影响过程中组织信任、组织承诺和工作投入的作用。结果显示,自我效能感对组织信任、组织承诺、工作投入和安全绩效有直接正向作用。组织信任在自我效能感对组织承诺、工作投入、安全绩效的影响中有部分中介作用。组织承诺与工作投入在自我效能感对安全绩效影响中发挥着部分中介作用。结论:自我效能感对安全绩效有直接效应,并可通过组织信任、组织承诺和工作投入对安全绩效产生间接影响。     

构建医患会话的合作原则

通过对门诊医患会话的现场调查,发现经典的合作原则并不完全适用于门诊医患会话。这是因为医患会话中医生和患者之间存在着信息和权势两方面的不对称。为了适应新型的医患关系,在经典合作原则的基础上构建了医患会话的合作原则,以期规范和指导现实的医患会话。