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11.
Evan A. Thomas 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》1978,14(2):124-131
Herbert Blumer's appraisal of William Thomas and Florian Znaniecki's Polish Peasant study and the panel discussion of Blumer's critique, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council in 1938, occasioned a discussion of the value of personal documents in social research which is indicative of the controversy surrounding their use in the interwar period. It is suggested that most sociologists writing in the 1930s were skeptical of the value of personal document research, because such research could not be conducted along the lines of experimental procedure in physical science. Personal document research was in decline by 1938. The critique and conference constituted a post mortem examination of this approach to social analysis. 相似文献
12.
Lamberts K Brockdorff N Heit E 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2002,28(5):1176-1191
The role of perceptual feature sampling in speeded matching and recognition was explored in 4 experiments. Experiments 1-3 involved a perceptual matching task with pictures of various objects and scenes. In Experiments 2 and 3, same-different judgments were given under time pressure. The main objective of the matching task was to obtain measures of the perceptual processing rates of different object features. Experiment 4 was an old-new recognition experiment, in which the same stimuli as those in the matching task were used. Response signals were used to limit processing time in the recognition task. The results demonstrated that it is possible to predict speeded recognition performance from performance in perceptual matching. A simple stochastic feature-sampling model provides a unified account of the data from the 4 experiments. 相似文献
13.
Two-process accounts of recognition memory assume that memory judgments are based on both a rapidly available familiarity-based process and a slower, more accurate, recall-based mechanism. Past experiments on the time course of item recognition have not supported the recall-to-reject account of the second process, in which the retrieval of an old item is used to reject a similar foil (Rotello & Heit, 1999). In three new experiments, using analyses similar to those of Rotello and Heit, we found robust evidence for recall-to-reject processing in associative recognition, for word pairs, and for list-discrimination judgments. Put together, these results have implications for two-process accounts of recognition. 相似文献
14.
Heit E 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2000,7(4):569-592
This paper reviews the main psychological phenomena of inductive reasoning, covering 25 years of experimental and model-based research, in particular addressing four questions. First, what makes a case or event generalizable to other cases? Second, what makes a set of cases generalizable? Third, what makes a property or predicate projectable? Fourth, how do psychological models of induction address these results? The key results in inductive reasoning are outlined, and several recent models, including a new Bayesian account, are evaluated with respect to these results. In addition, future directions for experimental and model-based work are proposed. 相似文献
15.
16.
Visual word recognition is commonly argued to be automatic in the sense that it is obligatory and ballistic. The present experiments
combined Stroop and visual search paradigms to provide a novel test of this claim. An array of three, five, or seven words
including one colored target (a word in Experiments 1 and 2, a bar in Experiment 3) was presented to participants. An irrelevant
color word also appeared in the display and was either integrated with or separated from the colored target. The participants
classified the color of the single colored item in Experiments 1 and 3 and determined whether a target color was present or
absent in Experiment 2. A Stroop effect was observed in Experiment 1 when the color word and the color target were integral,
but not when the color word and the color target were separated. No Stroop effect was observed in Experiment 2. Visual word
recognition is contingent on both the distribution of spatial attention and task demands. 相似文献
17.
Orienting to a signal source is widely viewed asautomatic in the sense that it is triggered by the stimulus. However, this behavior is typically assessed in a context in which the
subject knows beforehand what he or she has to do. In the present experiments, the role of task set was investigated by having
the response vary randomly from trial to trial. On some trials, a cue signaled the subject to respond, and on the remaining
trials, another cue signaled the subject to withhold a response. Stimulus contrast and temporal overlap between task cue and
target were manipulated. The effect of a reduction in stimulus contrast was sometimes absorbed into the time taken to decode
the cue, but critically, other times not. These results highlight the theoretical importance of considering task set as an
essential element in processing, and they undermine the theoretical claim that putatively automatic processes are not subject
to interference from other mental activities. 相似文献
18.
Heit E Briggs J Bott L 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2004,30(5):1065-1081
The authors conducted 3 experiments addressing the issue of how observations and multiple sources of prior knowledge are put together in category learning. In Experiments 1 and 2, learning was faster for critical features, which were predictable on the basis of prior knowledge, than for filler features, and this advantage increased as more observations were made. In addition, learning was fastest for incongruent features that could only be predicted using knowledge from other domains. In Experiment 3, presenting contradictory features that violated prior knowledge led to rote learning rather than use of prior knowledge. The results were simulated with the Baywatch model, which addresses how observations of category members lead to recruitment and selection of sources of prior knowledge. 相似文献
19.
Life and mind: From autopoiesis to neurophenomenology. A tribute to Francisco Varela 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Evan Thompson 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2004,3(4):381-398
This talk, delivered at De l'autopoièse à la neurophénoménologie: un hommage à Francisco Varela; from autopoiesis to neurophenomenology: a tribute to Francisco Varela, June 18–20, at the Sorbonne in Paris, explicates several links between Varela's neurophenomenology and his biological concept of autopoiesis. 相似文献
20.
Polman E 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2012,102(5):980-993
A growing stream of research is investigating how choices people make for themselves are different from choices people make for others. In this paper, I propose that these choices vary according to regulatory focus, such that people who make choices for themselves are prevention focused, whereas people who make choices for others are promotion focused. Drawing on regulatory focus theory, in particular work on errors of omission and commission, I hypothesize that people who make choices for others experience a reversal of the choice overload effect. In 6 studies, including a field study, I found that people who make choices for themselves are less satisfied after selecting among many options compared to few options, yet, people who make choices for others are more satisfied after selecting among many options compared to few options. Implications and suggestions for other differences in self-other decision making are discussed. 相似文献