汉语阅读中先行词词频对代词加工影响的眼动研究

采用眼动分析法考察先行词词频对代词加工的影响。结果表明,先行词的词频对其代词加工的难易没有影响,即当先行词为高频词时对代词后区域的阅读时间与低频条件没有差异。研究结果支持了代词加工的词条重新通达假说,该理论认为读者在加工代词时只需通达先行词的部分词汇信息。     

语音超文本系统中锚点标记方式的比较研究

近年来。语音超文本系统中超链接锚点的标记方式成为该研究领域的一个热点问题。笔者在设计参数优化基础上对语音超文本系统中常见的两种超链接锚点标记方式——言语相关标记与非言语相关标记进行比较研究,旨在为语音超文本界面中超链接锚点标记的设计提供适宜的参数。实验在模拟的语音超文本系统中进行,以链接词检测率、句子理解正确率和主观评价作为评价绩效的指标,结果发现,(1)男女声变调的言语相关标记方式下对链接词的检测率和主观评价均优于全词标记和尾字标记两种非言语相关标记方式,但上述三种标记方式对句子理解均无显著影响;(2)采用非言语相关标记时,链接词在句中的位置显著影响其检测率。根据上述结果,笔者推荐男女声变调标记可作为语音超文本链接词标记的首选方式。     

汉语名词特异性损伤的个案研究

报道了一例汉语命名性失语症个案,他在口语命名图形与口语产生句子时均表现为对名词的作业能力差于动词,而且这种动-名词分离现象仅局限在语音输出通道上。初步推测,他在语音输出通道存在名词特异性损伤;动、名词信息的表征具有相对独立性;词汇与句子水平的损伤彼此对应。     

语境因素对阅读时眼动控制的影响：来自汉语句子语境的证据

采用眼动记录法,探讨了语境因素对阅读过程中眼动的影响。实验为2(工作记忆容量:高、低)×2(语境:高预期性、控制性)×2(靶词:一致性、不一致性)混合因素设计。以首次注视时间、凝视时间、第二次加工时间以及向右跳的潜伏时间为因变量指标。结果发现:(1)在初步表征阶段,读者的眼动受低水平的视觉因素所控制;但在文章的整合阶段,眼动却由高水平的语义因素所控制;(2)工作记忆容量的高低影响读者整合阶段中的眼动。     

Judgments of Frequency and Recency in a Distributed Memory Model

TODAM is a theory of distributed associative memory based on the convolution-correlation formalism of A. Borsellino and T. Poggio (1973, Kybernetik, 122, 113-122), and TODAM2 is a revised version which includes context, auto-associations for binding, a dual basis for item information, and mediators for associative information. It can explain some complex interactions (differential forgetting and differential attention) between item and associative information. In this paper we derive the basic expressions for the memory-probe dot product for the 2x2 cases (item and pair study crossed with item and pair probe), and then we apply these expressions to judgments of frequency (JOF) and judgments of recency (JOR). We report an experiment which tests both JOF and JOR for single items with post-cuing to control for encoding strategies and suggest an attenuation factor for repetition to improve the fits. With attenuation, TODAM2 can fit the JOR data, but the JOF fits, while not too bad, consistently predict too much dependence between item and associative information. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

The selective impairment of the phonological output buffer: evidence from a Chinese patient

We present a Chinese-speaking patient, SJ, who makes phonological errors across all tasks involving oral production. Detailed analyses of the errors across different tasks reveal that the patterns are very similar for reading, oral picture naming, and repetition tasks, which are also comparable to the error patterns of the phonological buffer deficit cases reported in the literature. The nature of the errors invites us to conclude that the patient's phonological output buffer is selectively impaired. Different from previously reported cases, SJ's deficits in oral production tasks are not accompanied by a similar impairment of writing performance. We argue that this dissociation is evidence that the phonological output buffer is not involved in writing Chinese words. Furthermore, the majority of SJ's errors occur at the onset of a syllable, indicating that the buffer has a structure that makes the onset more prone to impairment.     

Effects of word frequency and visual complexity on eye movements of young and older Chinese readers

Research using alphabetic languages shows that, compared to young adults, older adults employ a risky reading strategy in which they are more likely to guess word identities and skip words to compensate for their slower processing of text. However, little is known about how ageing affects reading behaviour for naturally unspaced, logographic languages like Chinese. Accordingly, to assess the generality of age-related changes in reading strategy across different writing systems we undertook an eye movement investigation of adult age differences in Chinese reading. Participants read sentences containing a target word (a single Chinese character) that had a high or low frequency of usage and was constructed from either few or many character strokes, and so either visually simple or complex. Frequency and complexity produced similar patterns of influence for both age groups on skipping rates and fixation times for target words. Both groups therefore demonstrated sensitivity to these manipulations. But compared to the young adults, the older adults made more and longer fixations and more forward and backward eye movements overall. They also fixated the target words for longer, especially when these were visually complex. Crucially, the older adults skipped words less and made shorter progressive saccades. Therefore, in contrast with findings for alphabetic languages, older Chinese readers appear to use a careful reading strategy according to which they move their eyes cautiously along lines of text and skip words infrequently. We propose they use this more careful reading strategy to compensate for increased difficulty processing word boundaries in Chinese.     

Assessing the role of alternative response rates and reinforcer rates in resistance to extinction of target responding when combining stimuli

Studies of behavioral momentum reveal that reinforcing an alternative response in the presence of a target response reduces the rate of target responding but increases its persistence, relative to training the target response on its own. Because of the parallels between these studies and differential‐reinforcement techniques to reduce problem behavior in clinical settings, alternative techniques to reduce problem behavior without enhancing its persistence are being explored. One potential solution is to train an alternative response in a separate stimulus context from problem behavior before combining the alternative stimulus with the target stimulus. The present study assessed how differences in reinforcement contingencies and rate for alternative responding influenced resistance to extinction of target responding when combining alternative and target stimuli in pigeons. Across three experiments, alternative stimuli signaling a response–reinforcer dependency and greater reinforcer rates more effectively decreased the persistence of target responding when combining alternative and target stimuli within the same extinction tests, but not when compared across separate extinction tests. Overall, these findings reveal that differences in competition between alternative and target responding produced by contingencies of alternative reinforcement could influence the effectiveness of treating problem behavior through combining stimulus contexts.     

Cascade effects on the irradiation stability of amorphous SiOC

We studied the heavy ion radiation tolerance of amorphous silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) alloys by in situ Kr ion irradiation within a transmission electron microscopy. The amorphous SiOC thin films were grown via co-sputtering from SiO₂ and SiC targets on a surface-oxidized Si (100) substrate. These films were irradiated by 1 MeV Kr ions at both room temperature and 300 °C with damage levels up to 5 displacements per atom (dpa). TEM characterization shows no sign of crystallization, void formation or segregation in all irradiated samples. Our findings suggest that SiOC alloys are a class of promising radiation tolerant materials.     

不同年级学生读课文时眼睛注视方式的研究

采用３２００型眼动记录仪,以小学三年级、小学五年级、初中一年级、高中一年级和大学各３０名视力正常的学生为被试,记录了他们在有一定阅读任务要求下的眼睛注视方式。结果发现：阅读速度随年级升高而加快,且小学五年级组和初中一年级组、高中一年级组和大学生组之间差异显著;在读课文的过程中,各年级学生使用两种类型的国视和四种注视课文的方式;回视次数随年级升高而减少,且句间回视次数显著多于句内回视次数;各年级学生读课文时以使用直接和往复注视方式为主,以使用问题和不规则方式为辅。