西汉竹简本《老子》首章“下德为之而无以为”考释

本文提出和详细论证了汉简本《老子》首章的"下德为之而无以为"应是《老子》旧貌的观点,并通过对王弼注文的研究详细论证了其经文本应亦作"下德为之而无以为",而传抄致误为"有以为"。汉简本首章的思想脉络十分清晰,阐明了道家关于德的基本思想,揭示了道家式的德同儒家式的德的差异:"上德"是道家式的德,体现了"自然无为"的道家精神;"下德"(包括仁、义、礼等具体内容)是儒家式的德,它们与"自然无为"的标准相违且渐行渐远。因而以"自然""自发"为特征的道家式的德在价值上要高于以"自觉"为特征的儒家式的德。     

Generalization of the disruptive effects of alternative stimuli when combined with target stimuli in extinction

Differential‐reinforcement treatments reduce target problem behavior in the short term but at the expense of making it more persistent long term. Basic and translational research based on behavioral momentum theory suggests that combining features of stimuli governing an alternative response with the stimuli governing target responding could make target responding less persistent. However, changes to the alternative stimulus context when combining alternative and target stimuli could diminish the effectiveness of the alternative stimulus in reducing target responding. In an animal model with pigeons, the present study reinforced responding in the presence of target and alternative stimuli. When combining the alternative and target stimuli during extinction, we altered the alternative stimulus through changes in line orientation. We found that (1) combining alternative and target stimuli in extinction more effectively decreased target responding than presenting the target stimulus on its own; (2) combining these stimuli was more effective in decreasing target responding trained with lower reinforcement rates; and (3) changing the alternative stimulus reduced its effectiveness when it was combined with the target stimulus. Therefore, changing alternative stimuli (e.g., therapist, clinical setting) during behavioral treatments that combine alternative and target stimuli could reduce the effectiveness of those treatments in disrupting problem behavior.     

知觉负载和线索位置对视觉选择性注意的影响

采用线索范式,以汉语双字词为材料,探讨了不同工作记忆负荷条件下知觉负载、线索位置对视觉选择性注意的影响.结果表明:(1)线索位置影响被试对目标的加工,前线索条件下被试对目标的加工更为精细;(2)知觉负载对选择性注意的影响受到工作记忆的调节.高工作记忆负荷条件下,高知觉负载条件下的反应时显著短于低知觉负载条件;而在低工作记忆负荷条件下,不同知觉负载条件下的反应时差异不显著.     

内隐序列学习不受注意负荷的影响:来自眼动的证据

利用眼动记录方法,采用内隐序列学习的观察范式,通过操纵注意负荷高和低,考察内隐序列学习是否需要注意参与。结果发现:(1)在高、低注意负荷条件下都出现了内隐序列学习效应;(2)高注意负荷条件下眼跳反应时长于低注意负荷条件下的;(3)高、低注意负荷序列内隐序列学习量差异不显著,表明内隐序列学习不受注意负荷影响。     

全真道士王吉昌与刘志渊考--兼论张伯端对金代元初全真教的影响

王吉昌与刘志渊是金朝后期至元初活动于山西的北方全真教徒,不是道教金丹派南宗的传人。但他们的文集中大量援引南宗祖师张伯端的著述,体现出张伯端对他们的深刻影响。而张伯端对全真教的影响也不止于此,整个金代直至元初的全真教都深受他的影响。刘志渊还提到了南宗四祖陈泥丸(陈楠)和五祖白玉蟾的言论,为审视南宗与金代元初全真教之间的关系提供了一个新的视角。     

Line at shape-from-shadow border tested with stereo

Kennedy and Bai (2000 Perception 29 399-408) argued incorrect border polarity blocked perception of faces in shape-from-shadow 'Mooney faces' with dark lines at the contour, a display inspired by Hering. Their hypothesis was tested with several displays, notably binocular gratings made of lines of dots. The stereo-induced depth involved a shadow falling on two surface planes. Most of a dark-dotted (shadow) region appeared to be on one surface, but a strip of dark dots at the shadow's border appeared to be on another-to the fore or rear. Control conditions involved 'negative' images (white dots). Subjects saw the shadowed object as easily in dark-dotted images with stereo depth as in an image with uniform depth for all the dots, and more readily than in the negatives. Our results favour the border-polarity hypothesis.     

阅读过程中的注视位置效应

注视位置效应是指在阅读过程中,读者的眼跳往往定位于一个单词的特定位置。探讨影响读者注视位置的因素,是当前阅读过程中眼动控制的基本问题之一。文章对不同语言文字系统中注视位置效应的最新进展进行综述,主要内容包括：（1）阅读拼音文字时的注视位置效应,包括阅读有词间空格的拼音文字时的注视位置效应,特别是单词的词长、词间空格、词频和预测性对注视位置的影响以及该效应出现的年龄特征与个体差异等,以及阅读泰语和日语时的注视位置效应;（2）阅读中文时的注视位置效应。最后,文章指出了未来中文阅读中注视位置效应研究尚需解决的几个问题。     

不同刺激重复量对反应抑制后效应的影响

旨在探讨不同刺激重复量对反应抑制后效应的影响。在不同刺激重复量条件下,让被试完成停止信号任务。结果发现,从总体来看,刺激重复量因素上的主效应显著,重复类型因素上主效应不显著;信号抑制条件下不同刺激重复量后无信号试次反应时与总的无信号试次反应时差异不显著;信号反应条件下不同刺激重复量后无信号试次反应时与总的无信号试次反应时差异显著。本研究表明不同刺激重复量条件下的反应抑制后效应是认知控制的执行加工而非自动化的记忆提取。     

心理健康素质测评系统·中国成年人人际健康素质量表的编制

在文献分析和专家评定的基础之上,构建了人际健康素质的基本结构,并编制了初始的中国成年人人际健康素质问卷.然后通过项目区分度分析和验证性因素分析对初始问卷进行了修订,最终形成了包括合群性、亲仁性、利他性、共情性和友善性5个维度的正式量表.结果表明,人际健康素质量表具有较高的内部一致性信度、重测信度和分半信度以及较好的内容效度、结构效度、校标关联效度和会聚效度.结论:人际健康素质量表具有较好的心理测量学特征,可以作为中国成年人人际健康素质的心理测量工具.