Attachment experience and cortisol recovery from romantic conflict among young Chinese couples: A dyadic analysis

Using a sample of young adults, the present study investigated how the participants' attachment to romantic partners was related to that with their parents and peers and how this specific attachment experience was associated with their physiological stress response. We examined 121 pairs of young Chinese (N = 242) heterosexual couples (men's age: 22.26 ± 2.40; women's age: 21.62 ± 2.22) and their attachment to parents, peers, and romantic partners as well as their cortisol recovery from romantic conflict. Robust actor–partner interdependence mediation models showed that women's insecure parental and peer attachment was associated with blunted cortisol recovery from romantic stress through their fearful attachment with romantic partners, whereas men's insecure parental and peer attachment was associated with their partners' adaptive cortisol recovery from romantic stress through their fearful romantic attachment. These findings suggested that women's hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal-axis functioning seemed to be more strongly associated with their own and their partners' attachment relationships compared to men.     

Examining stimuli paired with alternative reinforcement to mitigate resurgence in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and pigeons

In two laboratory experiments, we examined whether stimuli paired with alternative reinforcers could mitigate resurgence of a previously reinforced target response with pigeons (Experiment 1) and children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (Experiment 2). In Phase 1, we arranged food reinforcement according to a variable-ratio schedule for engaging in a target response. In Phase 2, we arranged extinction for target responding and differentially reinforced alternative responding according to a fixed-ratio schedule, with every alternative-reinforcer delivery paired with a change in keylight color (Experiment 1) or automated verbal (praise) statement (Experiment 2). In Phase 3, we assessed resurgence during extinction of target and alternative responding in the presence versus absence of continued presentation of the paired stimulus. Despite variation across sessions, resurgence on average was lower when continuing to present the paired stimuli in all pigeons and children while maintenance of alternative responding did not differ between assessments. These findings indicate that stimuli paired with alternative reinforcement can modestly decrease resurgence, but further examination of their efficacy and a better understanding of the underlying processes are necessary before they can be recommended for clinical use in reducing resurgence of clinically relevant problem behavior.     

纳络酮、地卓西平(MK-801)对大鼠食物渴求的影响

实验以条件性位置偏爱（CPP）的表达为渴求模型观察纳络酮及MK-801对大鼠食物CPP表达,探讨摄食行为调控的心理机制。48只SD大鼠分成食物组（24）与对照组（24）,3轮食物匹配训练后,在CPP表达前分别注射生理盐水、纳络酮（1.0 mg˙kg -1）及MK-801(0.1 mg˙kg -1),观察各组动物在食物匹配训练侧停留时间的变化。结果发现,MK-801促进食物CPP的表达,但纳络酮对食物CPP的表达没有显著影响。以上结果表明MK-801（0.1mg˙kg -1）增强动物的食物渴求至少是其增加摄食量的原因之一,而1.0 mg˙kg -1的纳络酮降低动物的摄食量并不是由于食物渴求的下降导致的。MK-801与纳络酮调节动物摄食行为的心理机制可能不一致。     

行为遗传学：从宏观到微观的生命研究

行为遗传学是在多门学科发展的基础上形成的一门交叉学科。从19世纪末期到现在,行为遗传学已跨入第三个世纪。从孟德尔单基因遗传定律到多基因系统与环境交互作用影响复杂的人类行为,从传统的计量遗传学研究到连锁、关联研究再到功能基因组学技术的应用,无论在思想体系还是研究方法上,行为遗传学都取得了突破性进展。尽管行为遗传学在阐明基因究竟怎样影响行为的道路上仍处于起步阶段,但毋庸置疑,这一学科的进步将有助于人类了解自身行为,减轻人类病痛,并最终推动整个社会健康发展。     

数字概念的视知觉无意识语义启动效应

研究了数字概念大小判断任务中的无意识语义启动效应。被试为天津师范大学本科生和研究生 5 6名。仪器为 pentiumIII高分辨率计算机 ,程序用E prime心理实验软件系统编制而成。在实验一中 ,用信号检测论技术发现 ,当启动数字呈现为 30ms时 ,被试是不能觉知到启动数字的 ;在实验二中 ,启动数字和靶数字使用相同的刺激序列 ,用MANOVA分析了启动数字和靶数字属于不同字体时的启动效应 ,发现启动数字对靶数字加工有促进或抑制作用 ;在实验三中 ,启动数字和靶数字使用两个不同的刺激序列 ,同样发现类似的启动效应。实验证据提示 ,无意识知觉能够达到语义水平上的加工     

文章标记对阅读信息保持的影响及其作用机制的研究

通过3个实验,探讨了文章标记对阅读信息保持的影响及其作用机制。结果发现,标记有利于读者对文章信息的保持;随着年级的增长,读者利用文章标记建构文章表征的能力不断提高;文章标记对文章信息保持的促进作用存在选择性加工,通过延时加工测量技术和眼动分析技术证实了策略转化假设的合理性。     

类别指称对象提取过程的眼动研究

采用眼动记录法,探讨了语篇理解中类别指称对象的可提取性。实验采用3（实验材料：指称对象、非指称对象、特别控制条件）×2（兴趣区：兴趣区1、兴趣区2）×2（工作记忆容量：高、低）3因素混合设计。通过分析第一次注视时间、总的阅读时间和回视次数等眼动指标发现,类别指称对象提取过程中包含激活和抑制两种过程。被试在阅读完上指示表达之后,立即激活了可能的指称对象,但是对非指称对象的抑制却发生在后来的整合过程中;高工作记忆容量的被试能更有效地抑制非指称对象,更容易形成语篇的完整表征,有效提取类别指称对象。     

儿童返回抑制的研究进展

返回抑制是视觉选择性注意中的一种抑制现象,是人的一个重要的信息加工机制,是当前认知心理学研究的热点之一,本文主要介绍了近年来婴幼儿和儿童的返回抑制研究的内容和成果。     

材料类型和任务可预测性在任务转换中的作用

以阿拉伯数字和汉字数字为材料,采用奇偶判断和大小判断任务交替呈现范式,考察材料类型和任务可预测性在任务转换中的作用。结果发现:(1)对阿拉伯数字和汉字数字的反应时无显著差异,转换代价差异不显著;(2)不可预测任务反应时显著长于可预测任务,转换任务和重复任务都显示了基于可预测性的准备效应。表明材料类型对任务转换无影响,重复和转换任务都存在一般的任务控制更新过程。     

高中二年级学生中文阅读知觉广度的眼动研究

采用“呈现随眼动变化技术”对高中二年级学生中文阅读的知觉广度进行了眼动研究。结果发现,高中二年级学生的阅读知觉广度具有不对称性,大约为注视点左侧一个或两个汉字到注视点右侧三个或四个汉字的空间;高中二年级学生在正常阅读中的眼跳距离约为三个汉字的空间,在连续注视的过程中知觉广度有较小范围的重叠。