Stimulus–reinforcer relations established during training determine resistance to extinction and relapse via reinstatement

The baseline rate of a reinforced target response decreases with the availability of response‐independent sources of alternative reinforcement; however, resistance to disruption and relapse increases. Because many behavioral treatments for problem behavior include response‐dependent reinforcement of alternative behavior, the present study assessed whether response‐dependent alternative reinforcement also decreases baseline response rates but increases resistance to extinction and relapse. We reinforced target responding at equal rates across two components of a multiple schedule with pigeons. We compared resistance to extinction and relapse via reinstatement of (1) a target response trained concurrently with a reinforced alternative response in one component with (2) a target response trained either concurrently or in separate components from the alternative response across conditions. Target response rates trained alone in baseline were higher but resistance to extinction and relapse via reinstatement tests were greater after training concurrently with the alternative response. In another assessment, training target and alternative responding together, but separating them during extinction and reinstatement tests, produced equal resistance to extinction and relapse. Together, these findings are consistent with behavioral momentum theory—operant response–reinforcer relations determined baseline response rates but Pavlovian stimulus–reinforcer relations established during training determined resistance to extinction and relapse. These findings imply that reinforcing alternative behavior to treat problem behavior could initially reduce rates but increase persistence.     

The use of probabilistic lexicality cues for word segmentation in Chinese reading

In an eye-tracking experiment we examined whether Chinese readers were sensitive to information concerning how often a Chinese character appears as a single-character word versus the first character in a two-character word, and whether readers use this information to segment words and adjust the amount of parafoveal processing of subsequent characters during reading. Participants read sentences containing a two-character target word with its first character more or less likely to be a single-character word. The boundary paradigm was used. The boundary appeared between the first character and the second character of the target word, and we manipulated whether readers saw an identity or a pseudocharacter preview of the second character of the target. Linear mixed-effects models revealed reduced preview benefit from the second character when the first character was more likely to be a single-character word. This suggests that Chinese readers use probabilistic combinatorial information about the likelihood of a Chinese character being single-character word or a two-character word online to modulate the extent of parafoveal processing.     

Exploring thematic influences on theme park visitors' satisfaction: An empirical study on Disneyland China

This study aims to explore thematic influences on theme park visitors' satisfaction through user-generated data. To this end, we first used an unsupervised machine learning method, structural topic modeling, and analyzed 112,000 reviews post by visitors to Shanghai Disney Resort from June 16, 2016 to March 4, 2022. Our findings are of great significance for reflecting consumer behavior through user-generated data. Specifically, we find that visitors' satisfaction is highly related to service in the theme park and their playing feeling, and early tourists pay more attention to the experience of specific playing items while later tourists focus on the overall playing experience. In addition, an empirical study is conducted by treating the ratings associated with each review as dependent variable and each topic represented by comments as independent variables, which shows that the relationship between the customer reviews and ratings by tourists becomes less pronounced over time. In other words, as time goes, customers review can reflect their subjective feelings or experience, but the rating is not. We discover the “dynamics” of user-generated data over time and gain a better understanding of the aspects and concerns of visitors' satisfaction over time. The findings of the study contribute to the literature on tourism, service, and consumer behavior while also providing valuable practical implications.     

七巧板训练与小学低年级学生操作能力提高的实验研究

用七巧板对低年级小学生进行图形训练,以《韦氏儿童智力量表》作为检测工具,探索开发儿童大脑潜能的有效办法。结果发现：①从总体上看,七巧板训练对小学低年级学生操作能力的提高具有积极作用,使用《韦氏儿童智力量表》进行检测,发现实验班的操作智商显著高于对照班;②受训儿童操作智商的提高主要体现在积木和拼图成绩上,而填图、排列、译码成绩提高不明显;③统计结果表明,训练的效果与性别无关,即男女学生均可从七巧板训练中获益。     

消失文本条件下认知控制的眼动研究

通过考察消失文本条件下的词频效应来探讨影响中文阅读眼动模式的控制因素。实验1发现当读者所注视的双字词在80ms后消失不会影响其正常阅读。实验2在实验1的基础上将材料的呈现时间设置为80ms,结果发现不论是正常阅读还是消失文本条件下均出现了显著的词频效应,结果支持眼动的认知控制模型。     

泰山方士与道教的产生

一泰山不仅气势雄伟,而且不乏幽谷曲溪,还有许多幽深的岩洞,自古以来就是仙家寄居和修炼的好地方。据《岱史》卷四记载,战国时期黄伯阳就隐居在泰山之阴的黄伯阳洞。秦汉时期,方士大行其道,他们修习各种神仙方术,为统治者寻访仙人、寻找仙药,掀起一股大规模的寻仙风潮。当时泰山聚集了众多的方士,其中最为有名的当属安期生,现在泰山地区仍然有其碑记,并流传着关于他的传说故事。     

推理与工作记忆

系统地总结了推理与工作记忆的研究进展,具体包括：（1）工作记忆的含义及其在推理中作用的相关研究;（2）推理与工作记忆关系的理论模型;（3）不同类型推理与工作记忆的实验研究;（4）推理与工作记忆的认知神经研究;（5）推理与工作记忆的未来研究展望     

国外教师职业倦怠影响因素研究新进展

职业倦怠是服务于助人行业的人们因工作时间过长、工作量过大、工作强度过高所经历的一种疲惫不堪的状态,包括情绪衰竭、去个性化、个人成就感降低三个方面。教师是职业倦怠的高发人群之一,对教师产生许多消极影响,要想缓解教师职业倦怠,就必须研究影响职业倦怠的因素,国外对于教师职业倦怠影响因素的研究得出许多结果,新进的主要有社会比较方式、集体自尊、应付方式、创造性和组织支持等。     

训练方法对不同创造力水平儿童创造力发展的影响

采用修订的威廉斯创造性思维量表筛选出创造力水平低和创造力水平高的两组儿童,随机分配到头脑风暴法训练组、强制联想法训练组和控制组,分别进行5周的创造力训练。结果显示,在创造力的开放性和精密性维度上,头脑风暴法对创造力水平低的儿童的创造力提高具有显著的效应;两种训练方法对高创造力水平儿童的创造力成绩提高不起作用。儿童的创造力训练应考虑个体原有的创造力水平之间的差异和方法的有效性。     

论至善的本质及意义

至善是伦理学中善观念的一种终极的或本体的表述,也因此具有了哲学和宗教的含义.至善作为一种终极的价值追求,其目的在于保存并发展人类自身,也即是真知人类和爱人类①.什么是真知人类和爱人类呢?对此,中西不同的文化体系做出了不同的解答.本文试就至善的本质,两种文化的解说体系进行论述,并做出综合性的解释,认为"和"与"宽容精神"不仅要在学术或行为准则上并举,还要在意识和行为上努力奉行,才是当今世界各种宗教、派别、学说、思潮及其反映出来的力量之间追求和谐的完整体系.