自杀可以被允许吗

自杀在道德上是否可以被允许,首先需要对自杀进行界定。满足三个条件才算自杀,其中最难判断的是求死意愿。它又包括三个条件:其一,意愿是自己发动的;其二,行为者的死亡跟最终目的有因果关系;其三,他相信自己的死对最终目的来说是不可替代的。接着需要探讨自杀不能被允许的理由。先反驳自杀最有力的辩护——生命自主权,然后通过普遍化检验正面论证自杀是不被允许的,随后回应一种可能的质疑:既然自杀不被允许,为何对以利他为动机的自杀大加褒扬。最后,我们承认上述结论存在例外,通过三个条件划定了例外情形的范围。     

《宋书·州郡志》考疑(十七)

51) 10 77页 :“临汝令 ,汉旧名。”按 :临汝 ,《续汉志》扬州豫章郡领县 ,“永元八年置” ,与此泰始失淮北后侨置的汝南郡所领者别。所注“汉旧名”不确 ,当是“新立”。本志司州刺史南汝南太守 :“临汝令 ,新立。”(5 2 ) 10 78页 :“陈郡太守 ,别见。《永初郡国》无苌平、谷阳而有扶沟 ,别见。何无阳夏、扶沟 ,徐无阳夏。”按 :此陈郡系宋明帝泰始年间失淮北后始置于淮南的侨郡 ,注“别见”可矣 ,而历述《永初郡国》、何、徐领县云云 ,则似宋武帝永初时已有此侨郡县 ,非是。《宋志》乃误将豫州刺史陈郡太守领县沿革情况在此重述 ,实当移…     

《宋书·州郡志》考疑(十四)

(39) 10 6 0页 :“宋末失淮北 ,侨立兖州 ,寄治淮阴。”按 :宋末兖州寄治淮阴的具体年份 ,《南齐志》北兖州 :“宋泰始二年失淮北 ,于此立州镇” ;又《宋书·恩·阮佃夫传》 :泰始“六年 ,出为辅师将军、兖州刺史 ,戍淮阴 ,立北兖州 ,自此始也。”疑作泰始六年是。(40 ) 10 6     

社会公平:在底线诉求与最大诉求之间建构内在张力

多种所有制形式下的利益主体多元化及中国社会结构的分化,导致社会公平呈现为底线诉求与最大诉求并存的二维空间结构.中国社会的公平危机最突出地体现为底线危机,实质就是基本物品被剩余化分配的危机,根源于公平二维度之间的外在对立与紧张.建构社会公平就是在公平二维度之间建构内在张力,根本途径就是坚持包容性增长,既保持底线又刺激增量,从而真正化解公平与效率的冲突.     

佛教禅定：心理学方法论研究的一种新视角

佛教禅定作为一种佛家认知宇宙实相及自我意识的研究方法与操作技术,为中国人文主义心理学研究提供了一种觉知自我意识的极有效方法。本文从心理学方法论角度出发,结合佛教禅定的内证实践,系统阐述了禅定过程中的研究对象（识蕴）、研究方法（止观）等诸方面的内容和特点。佛教禅定的心理学方法论研究是有别于其他文化形态方法论研究的一种独特证知方法,是对西方心理学方法论研究的一种补充与超越。     

One-month-old human infants learn about the social world while they sleep

Although infants display preferences for social stimuli early in their lives, we know relatively little about the mechanisms of infant learning about the social world. In the current set of studies, 1-month-old infants underwent an adapted eyeblink conditioning paradigm to examine learning to both 'social' and non-social cues. While infants were asleep, they were presented with either a 'social' stimulus (a female voice) or one of two non-social stimuli (tone or backward voice) followed by an airpuff presented to the eyelid. Infants in the experimental groups displayed increased learning across trials, regardless of stimulus type. However, infants conditioned to the 'social' stimulus showed increased learning compared to infants conditioned to either of the non-social stimuli. These results suggest a mechanism by which learning about the social world occurs early in life and the power of ecologically valid cues in facilitating that learning.     

Category-contingent face adaptation for novel colour categories: Contingent effects are seen only after social or meaningful labelling

A face appears normal when it approximates the average of a population. Consequently, exposure to faces biases perceptions of subsequently viewed faces such that faces similar to those recently seen are perceived as more normal. Simultaneously inducing such aftereffects in opposite directions for two groups of faces indicates somewhat discrete representations for those groups. Here we examine how labelling influences the perception of category in faces differing in colour. We show category-contingent aftereffects following exposure to faces differing in eye spacing (wide versus narrow) for blue versus red faces when such groups are consistently labelled with socially meaningful labels (Extravert versus Introvert; Soldier versus Builder). Category-contingent aftereffects were not seen using identical methodology when labels were not meaningful or were absent. These data suggest that human representations of faces can be rapidly tuned to code for meaningful social categories and that such tuning requires both a label and an associated visual difference. Results highlight the flexibility of the cognitive visual system to discriminate categories even in adulthood.     

Paying a price: culture, trust, and negotiation consequences

Three studies contrasting Indian and American negotiators tested hypotheses derived from theory proposing why there are cultural differences in trust and how cultural differences in trust influence negotiation strategy. Study 1 (a survey) documented that Indian negotiators trust their counterparts less than American negotiators. Study 2 (a negotiation simulation) linked American and Indian negotiators' self-reported trust and strategy to their insight and joint gains. Study 3 replicated and extended Study 2 using independently coded negotiation strategy data, allowing for stronger causal inference. Overall, the strategy associated with Indian negotiators' reluctance to extend interpersonal (as opposed to institutional) trust produced relatively poor outcomes. Our data support an expanded theoretical model of negotiation, linking culture to trust, strategies, and outcomes.     

Longitudinal stability of temperamental exuberance and social-emotional outcomes in early childhood

The goals of the current study were to investigate the stability of temperamental exuberance across infancy and toddlerhood and to examine the associations between exuberance and social-emotional outcomes in early childhood. The sample consisted of 291 4-month-olds followed at 9, 24, and 36 months and again at 5 years of age. Behavioral measures of exuberance were collected at 9, 24, and 36 months. At 36 months, frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry was assessed. At 5 years, maternal reports of temperament and behavior problems were collected, as were observational measures of social behavior during an interaction with an unfamiliar peer in the laboratory. Latent profile analysis revealed a high, stable exuberance profile that was associated with greater ratings of 5-year externalizing behavior and surgency, as well as observed disruptive behavior and social competence with unfamiliar peers. These associations were particularly true for children who displayed left frontal EEG asymmetry. Multiple factors supported an approach bias for exuberant temperament but did not differentiate between adaptive and maladaptive social-emotional outcomes at 5 years of age.     

Predictors of the change in self-stigma following a single session of group counseling

One of the major obstacles to seeking psychological help is the stigma associated with counseling and therapy. Self-stigma, the fear of losing self-respect or self-esteem as a result of seeking help, is an important factor in the help-seeking process. In the present study, college students meeting a clinical cutoff for psychological symptoms participated in 1 session of group counseling that either contained therapist self-disclosure or did not. In general, participants reported significantly less self-stigma following the session. Working alliance-bond and session depth significantly predicted the change in self-stigma. Furthermore, self-stigma (as well as bond, depth, psychological symptoms, and being female) predicted the intention to seek help following the session. Self-stigma and session depth also predicted interest in continuing with counseling. The therapist self-disclosure condition, however, had no effect on the change in self-stigma, intentions to seek help, or interest in continuing with group counseling.