The perception of attractiveness and trustworthiness in male faces affects hypothetical voting decisions differently in wartime and peacetime scenarios

Facial appearance of candidates has been linked to real election outcomes. Here we extend these findings by examining the contributions of attractiveness and trustworthiness in male faces to perceived votability. We first use real faces to show that attractiveness and trustworthiness are positively and independently related to perceptions of good leadership (rating study). We then show that computer graphic manipulations of attractiveness and trustworthiness influence choice of leader (Experiments 1 and 2). Finally, we show that changing context from wartime to peacetime can affect which face receives the most votes. Attractive faces were relatively more valued for wartime and trustworthy faces relatively more valued for peacetime (Experiments 1 and 2). This pattern suggests that attractiveness, which may indicate health and fitness, is perceived to be a useful attribute in wartime leaders, whereas trustworthiness, which may indicate prosocial traits, is perceived to be more important during peacetime. Our studies highlight the possible role of facial appearance in voting behaviour and the role of attributions of attractiveness and trust. We also show that there may be no general characteristics of faces that make them perceived as the best choice of leader; leaders may be chosen because of characteristics that are perceived as the best for leaders to possess in particular situations.     

一路爱相随．有福“童”来享——杭州教会暑期公益夏令会侧记

2013年7月2日到8月10日,杭州基督教会磐石堂积极联系杭州经济技术开发区青年联合会以及下沙街道和教堂所在的七格社区有关团体,联合杭州师范大学陶行知理论研究会的学生志愿者,     

Variation in perceptions of physical dominance and trustworthiness predicts individual differences in the effect of relationship context on women's preferences for masculine pitch in men's voices

Several studies have found that women tend to demonstrate stronger preferences for masculine men as short-term partners than as long-term partners, though there is considerable variation among women in the magnitude of this effect. One possible source of this variation is individual differences in the extent to which women perceive masculine men to possess antisocial traits that are less costly in short-term relationships than in long-term relationships. Consistent with this proposal, here we show that the extent to which women report stronger preferences for men with low (i.e., masculine) voice pitch as short-term partners than as long-term partners is associated with the extent to which they attribute physical dominance and low trustworthiness to these masculine voices. Thus, our findings suggest that variation in the extent to which women attribute negative personality characteristics to masculine men predicts individual differences in the magnitude of the effect of relationship context on women's masculinity preferences, highlighting the importance of perceived personality attributions for individual differences in women's judgments of men's vocal attractiveness and, potentially, their mate preferences.     

Attachment Insecurity and Perceived Partner Suffering as Predictors of Personal Distress

This study examined the extent to which perceptions of partner suffering mediate the association between attachment insecurity (anxiety and avoidance) and personal distress among spouses of older adults with osteoarthritis. Fifty-three spouses watched two videos of targets (their partner and an opposite sex stranger) perform a pain-eliciting household task, and spouses were asked to rate their own distress and perceptions of the targets' pain. Spouses also completed self-report measures of trait attachment. Results revealed that attachment anxiety was associated with greater personal distress in reaction to the partner's suffering, and heightened perceptions of partner pain mediated this association. Avoidant attachment was associated with less distress in reaction to the partner's suffering, but not with less perceived pain. The results of this study identify an important mechanism linking attachment insecurity and heightened distress responses when observing the suffering of a significant other.     

流动儿童的未来取向及与学业卷入的关系

采用问卷法,选取755名初中生(其中流动儿童562名)作为被试,对未来取向及其与学业卷入的关系进行考察。结果表明:(1)打工子弟学校流动儿童的未来取向与公立学校流动儿童、城市儿童差异较大,具体表现为,打工子弟学校流动儿童的受教育领域未来目标显著较少,未来职业目标较多;未来计划得分显著较低;未来评价方面,打工子弟学校的流动儿童具有较少的内部归因,乐观性也较弱;(2)打工子弟学校的流动儿童未来取向主要表现出了年级差异,初一年级受教育目标显著高于初二年级,而未来职业内部归因显著低于初二年级;公立学校流动儿童则表现出了性别差异,男生在各领域上的外部归因和乐观性均显著高于女生;(3)教育计划和乐观性对流动儿童的行为卷入得分有显著的正向预测作用,教育的外部归因和未来的职业计划有着显著的负向预测作用;流动儿童的未来受教育计划、教育目标和乐观性以及职业的内部归因对其心理卷入有显著的正向预测作用。     

Evidence for menstrual cycle shifts in women's preferences for masculinity

Over the last decade, a growing literature has shown that women in the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle demonstrate stronger preferences for men with masculine traits than they do when in the non-fertile phases of the cycle (see Gangestad and Thornhill, 2008 and Jones et al., 2008 for recent reviews). In a recent article, Harris (in press; Sex Roles) failed to replicate this increase in women's preferences for masculine faces when women are near ovulation. Harris represented her study as one of only three studies on the topic, and as the largest of the existing studies. There are, however, many more studies on menstrual cycle shifts in preferences for facial masculinity in the published literature, including one that is 2.5 times larger in size than the Harris study. In this article, we review the evidence for cyclic shifts in mate preferences and related behaviors and discuss weaknesses of Harris's methods. Considered as a whole, the evidence for menstrual cycle shifts in women's preferences and behaviors is compelling, despite the failure of replication reported by Harris.     

中外两种推理理论的实验比较研究

通过两个实验对中国学者提出的“推理题与推理者的推理知识双重结构模型”和Evans提出的“双重加工理论”进行了实验比较研究。实验一通过两种评定方法对相应性质命题进行评定后所得实验结果表明Evans等(1983)有关“信念效应”研究中的“结论可信性”变量可以视为与胡竹菁等(1996)实验中的“内容正确性”变量是同一性质的变量; 实验二根据“形式正确性”和“内容正确性”两个自变量设计的推理实验结果与Evans等(1983)的研究结果基本一致; 但增加“内容熟悉性”这一自变量设计的推理实验结果表明“推理题与推理者的推理知识双重结构模型”比Evans提出的“双重加工理论”能更好地解释推理者对性质三段论的推理结果。     

生态设计理念下的现代居住区景观设计探析

中国自改革开放以来,城市化进程不断深入,房地产行业迅猛发展,竞争也越来越激烈,大部分地产商从单一的卖房子逐渐转变为卖"设计理念"的居住小区。随着人们生活水平的提高,人们对居住环境有了更高的要求,特别是在对生态环境的诉求方面。在这一时代背景下,"生态设计理念"逐步深入人心,如何建设理想人居环境是文章研究的核心。文章首先提出生态设计理念在居住区景观设计中的时代意义,然后提出居住区景观设计的生态理念和设计原则,最后以祥泰瑶都居住区景观设计为例,阐述生态设计理念在居住区景观设计中的应用。     

约纳斯的生命概念及其伦理意蕴

"生命"概念在约纳斯的哲学体系中处于基础地位。通过对《生命现象》一书的考察,可以提炼出"生命"的三个维度:整体性、延续性、目的性。这三个维度有内在的逻辑关系。首先,约纳斯针对二元论引发的困境指出,生命是身心合一的有机整体;其次,新陈代谢使生命有机体呈现为自由的延续;最后,自由与必然、心灵与身体在意识中的内在张力又通过生命的内在目的性重新获得统一。"生命"概念的三个维度具有丰富的伦理意蕴,为责任伦理开辟了道路。