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141.
准备时间和预先信息对任务切换的影响 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
两个实验采用任务线索范式,考察了准备时间和预先信息对任务切换的影响。实验1的准备时间为可预测,实验2的为不可预测,以考察准备时间的可预测性对任务切换的影响。以被试执行重复任务、切到任务和切离任务的正确反应时为主要指标,结果:(1)在准备时间可预测和不可预测两种条件下,准备时间和预先信息之间存在显著交互作用。在可预测条件中,重复和切到任务的反应时随着准备时间的增加而减少,但切到代价无显著变化,切离任务的反应时不受准备时间的影响,切离代价表现出反准备效应;不可预测条件下,三种任务的反应时都随着准备时间的增加而减少,但是切到和切离代价表现出反准备效应;(2)切离任务的反应时和代价显著高于切到任务的反应时和代价;(3)在这两种条件下,都没有出现切换代价的准备效应 相似文献
142.
The emergent coordination of cognitive function 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kello CT Beltz BC Holden JG Van Orden GC 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》2007,136(4):551-568
1/f scaling has been observed throughout human physiology and behavior, but its origins and meaning remain a matter of debate. Some argue that it is a byproduct of ongoing processes in the brain or body and therefore of limited relevance to psychological theory. Others argue that 1/f scaling reflects a fundamental aspect of all physiological and cognitive functions, namely, that they emerge in the balance of independent versus interdependent component activities. In 4 experiments, series of key-press responses were used to test between these 2 alternative explanations. The critical design feature was to take 2 measures of each key-press response: reaction time and key-contact duration. These measures resulted in 2 parallel series of intrinsic fluctuations for each series of key-press responses. Intrinsic fluctuations exhibited 1/f scaling in both reaction times and key-contact durations, yet the 2 measures were uncorrelated with each other and separately perturbable. These and other findings indicate that 1/f scaling is too pervasive to be idiosyncratic and of limited relevance. It is instead argued that 1/f scaling reflects the coordinative, metastable basis of cognitive function. 相似文献
143.
现代传染病防治中传统的医患关系的内涵和外延都发生了一定的变化,无论是医方还是患方都体现出强烈超医学性和社会性,在社会大防治的概念下医患之间出现一定的界限模糊甚至角色重叠。现代传染病的发展给我们提供了审视医患关系的新视角,引发人们关于医学发展、社会道德的深层次的思考。 相似文献
144.
流行病学研究显示幽门螺杆菌可能与某些胃肠外疾病发生有关,根除治疗可能缓解缺铁性贫血、ITP、酒糟鼻等疾病的临床症状和实验室异常。从粥样硬化相关心血管疾病、血液系统疾病、皮肤病的研究结果看,尽管有证据显示该类疾病患者幽门螺杆菌感染率高于普通人群,但二者是因果还是伴随现象仍不得而知,同时尚无根除治疗远期效果的报道。对相关胃肠外疾病是否需要进行幽门螺杆菌检测和治疗尚无定论。鉴于流行病学研究的局限性和发病机制的不确定性,对二者关系应持慎重态度,避免对幽门螺杆菌检测和根除治疗的过度滥用。二者关系的阐明有待机制研究的进展。 相似文献
145.
The commonalities between anxiety and depression have been discussed before, but few have delineated the potentially different
mechanisms through which treatments work for these populations. The current study conducted a comprehensive review of child
and adolescent randomized clinical trials that tested cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety or depression. All studies
were required to have assessed both treatment outcomes and at least one theory-specific process target, including behavioral,
physiological, cognitive, and coping variables. Using a meta-analytic approach, CBT demonstrated positive treatment gains
across anxiety, depression, and general functioning outcomes. CBT for anxiety also produced moderate to large effects across
behavioral, physiological, cognitive, and coping processes, with behavioral targets demonstrating potentially the greatest
change. CBT for depression produced small effects for cognitive processes but nonsignificant effects for behavioral and coping
variables. Findings were generally consistent with CB theory but suggest potentially different mediators in the treatment
of anxiety and depression. Results are discussed in terms of implications for mechanisms research, theories of change, and
treatment development. 相似文献
146.
Mental localization efforts tend to stress the where more than the what. We argue that the proper targets for localization
are well-specified cognitive models. We make this case by relating an existing cognitive model of category learning to a learning
circuit involving the hippocampus, perirhinal, and prefrontal cortices. Results from groups varying in function along this
circuit (e.g., infants, amnesics, and older adults) are successfully simulated by reducing the model’s ability to form new
clusters in response to surprising events, such as an error in supervised learning or an unfamiliar stimulus in unsupervised
learning. Clusters in the model are akin to conjunctive codes that are rooted in an episodic experience (the surprising event)
yet can develop to resemble abstract codes as they are updated by subsequent experiences. Thus, the model holds that the line
separating episodic and semantic information can become blurred. Dissociations (categorization vs. recognition) are explained
in terms of cluster recruitment demands. 相似文献
147.
本研究调查了大学生网络行为的影响因素,发现在样本中有将近10%的学生存在一定的网络不文明行为,其中又以男生居多。研究发现:不文明行为的实施者具有较高的互联网自我效能感、更强烈的网络使用动机,较高的焦虑、激惹水平。 相似文献
148.
The authors explored whether manipulating the location of distraction in the participants' visual field influences the degree of competition between visual and other cognitive processes. If a cognitive task is lateralized to a particular hemisphere, visual distraction directed toward that same hemisphere should impair performance on that task more than should visual distraction directed toward the other hemisphere. Consistent with this hypothesis, the authors found in Experiments 1 and 2 that participants better recalled words of high imageability in a verbal memory task when the examiner was in the participant's left visual field (right hemisphere) than when the examiner was in the participant's right visual field (left hemisphere). In Experiment 3, the authors found that this effect reversed for performance on a right-hemisphere spatial task. 相似文献
149.
Transformation of the discriminative and eliciting functions of generalized relational stimuli 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dougher MJ Hamilton DA Fink BC Harrington J 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2007,88(2):179-197
In three experiments, match-to-sample procedures were used with undergraduates to establish arbitrary relational functions for three abstract visual stimuli. In the presence of samples A, B, and C, participants were trained to select the smallest, middle, and largest member, respectively, of a series of three-comparison arrays. In Experiment 1, the B (choose middle) stimulus was then used to train a steady rate of keyboard pressing before the A (choose smallest) and the C (choose largest) stimuli were presented. Participants pressed slower to A and faster to C than to B. Then B was paired with mild shock in a Pavlovian procedure with skin conductance change as the dependent variable. When presented with A and C, 6 of 8 experimental participants showed smaller skin conductance changes to A and larger skin conductance changes to C than to B. In Experiment 2, A was then used as a sample in a match-to-sample procedure to establish an arbitrary size ranking among four same-sized colored circle comparisons. One of the middle circles was then used to establish a steady rate of pressing before the other circles were presented. Five of 6 participants responded slower to the "smaller" circle and faster to the "larger" circle than they did to the "middle" circle. In Experiment 3, A, B, and C were then presented on a series of test trials requiring participants to pick the comparison that was less than, greater than, or equal to the sample. Novel stimuli were included on some trials. Results indicated that the relational training procedures produced derived relations among the stimuli used in training and that these allowed correct inferences of relative size ranking among novel stimuli. 相似文献
150.