创造性科学问题提出材料的编制及效度研究

本研究通过对收集的科学发明创造实例进行整理,测量,访谈,再测量,建立拥有多项指标的创造性科学问题提出材料库,以期为研究创造性科学问题提出提供有效的测试工具。在材料库的建立过程中,对问题提出中的原型启发效应进行了探讨,结果表明,原型对创造性问题提出具有稳定的启发效应,并且这种启发效应在具有理科背景的个体上有更明显的效果。此外,创造性科学问题提出分数不仅与创造性成就倾向显著相关,且在企业环境中也显示出了对于不同创造力群体的有效鉴别     

整合智慧量表的编制及信效度检验

基于智慧的德才一体理论,编制包含良好品德和聪明才智二因子的整合智慧量表,以方便取样抽取中国大陆892名青年,检验其信效度。总量表的Cronbach's α和组合信度分别为0.89和0.94。四周后重测信度为0.85。验证性因素分析发现,量表的结构效度良好,CFI=0.91,IFI=0.91,TLI=0.90,RMSEA=0.07,SRMR=0.08,也具有良好的聚合效度和区分效度。与自我评估智慧量表、三维智慧量表、开放性和心理幸福感的相关分别为0.79、0.36、0.32和0.46,与生活满意度的相关不显著(p>0.05)。这说明整合智慧量表具有良好的信效度,是测量中国青年智慧的有效工具。     

向死存在对智慧的影响:观点、机制及评价

向死存在对智慧产生了怎样的影响?三种观点及相关证据回答了这个问题,并提供了解释机制:(1)向死存在助推智慧,使人谦卑、超越、利他、公平和宽容等,其主要解释机制是创伤后成长理论;(2)向死存在阻碍智慧,引起心理不健康、自我服务偏见、内群体偏见、贪婪、物质主义等,其主要解释机制是恐惧管理理论;(3)向死存在是否助推智慧受到如自尊、权力感、自我构念、政治信念、宗教信仰等多种因素的调节。文末评价了过去研究中存在的问题,即概念界定问题、向死存在的心理阶段性问题和文化世界观的内涵问题,并提出了化解之道。     

父母教养方式对中职生亲社会行为的影响:两类共情的中介作用

探讨父母教养方式对中职生亲社会行为的影响,分别采用问卷法和实验法检验特质共情与状态共情 在这个影响过程中的中介效应。 结果发现:(1)情感温暖、信任鼓励型的父母教养方式对中职生亲社会行为有正向预测作用; 专制、溺爱型父母教养方式对中职生亲社会行为起负向预测作用。(2)特质共情在情感温暖型、信任鼓励型父母教养方式与中职生亲社会行为之间起部分中介作用。(3)经试验操纵的状态共情的中介效应与特质共情的中介效应同样显著。结论:积极的父母教养方式通过影响中职生的共情进而影响其亲社会行为。     

Measures of self-concept, attitudes, and achievement motivation of primary grade children

Semi-projective measures (suitable for small group testing) of Self-Concept and Attitutes toward School, Home, Peers, and Society along with a teachers' rating instrument of Achievement Motivation have been developed for preschool and primary grade children. National norms for disadvantaged children are reported along with correlations of these measures with standardized achievement tests.     

Overlearning in the conditioning treatment of enuresis: A long-term follow-up study

V studies have reported high rates of relapse following the otherwise highly successful conditioning treatment of childhood enuresis nocturna (Young, 1969). Relapse would seem to be a hazard inherent in this form of treatment, and to be independent of patient variables (Young and Morgan, 1972a). Use of the technique of intermittent reinforcement schedules (Lovibond, 1964; Turner, Young and Rachman, 1970) and of CNS stimulant drugs (Young and Turner, 1965; Turner and Young, 1966) to counteract the problem of relapse have failed to achieve satisfactory results.

Young and Morgan (1972b) have demonstrated the success of overlearning therapy in reducing the relapse rate. This regime requires the child to maintain or regain his learned nocturnal bladder control, to a success criterion of 14 consecutive dry nights, while drinking up to 2 pints of liquid in the hour before retiring. The present paper reports the experience gained in the counteraction of relapse by the use of overlearning therapy over approximately 4 yr at the Vale Drive Clinic, at which enuresis is treated by conditioning techniques (Young, 1965; Morgan and Young, 1972).     

A precise and valid measure of behavior and behavior change in the classroom

A method for the direct and continuous observation of behavior as it occurs in the natural environment (classroom) is suggested as an alternative to individual testing and other observational techniques, especially those which use predetermined time segments and chart behavior in percentages. The method-behavior rates-using a base of movements per minute is seen as increasing the information obtained per unit of assessment time and providing daily, accurate feedback concerning the efficacy of a behavioral strategy.     

Treatment of nocturnal enuresis by conditioning techniques

One hundred and fifteen enuretic children were assigned to five treatment groups. Three groups received Mowrer-type continuous signal (C.S.), Twin-Signal (T.S.) or intermittent Twin Signal (T.S.-I.R.) conditioning treatment, and two groups were given “placebo” or “arousal” control treatments. Over a one-month period, there was no difference between conditioning and control procedures, and it was concluded that further research is needed to determine the basis of treatment response. There was no evidence in support of the escape training hypothesis, and the twin-signal modification to standard bell-and-pad treatment is not recommended. The investigation confirmed the success of conditioning treatment in bringing about the initial arrest of enuresis (i.e. in 81.4 per cent of the cases) but the relapse rate was high. The investigation provided tentative evidence that intermittent conditioning treatment offers one way of reducing the frequency of relapse. The problem of obtaining satisfactory parental co-operation in a badly housed working-class population was apparent, and ways of reducing the demands that treatment imposes on parents are indicated. The results are discussed with regard to theories of conditioning treatment of nocturnal enuresis, and possible improvements in this technique of treatment.