Positive conditioned suppression: Transfer of performance between contingent and noncontingent reinforcement situations

Five homing pigeons were trained on concurrent variable-interval schedules. A fixed-duration stimulus was occasionally presented on one key; and, in various conditions, this stimulus terminated (a) without reinforcement, (b) in noncontingent reinforcement, (c) with reinforcement contingent on a response on the key on which the stimulus was presented, and (d) with reinforcement contingent on a response on the key on which the stimulus was not presented. Initially, a stimulus terminating in noncontingent reinforcement generally produced decreased response rates on both keys during the stimulus. Contingencies, however, reliably produced increased rates during the stimulus on the key on which the contingency was arranged, relative to the rate on the concurrently available key. Contingency conditions were followed by noncontingency conditions in which the separation of rates caused by contingencies was maintained. When rates during the stimulus were compared with response rates on the same keys in the absence of the stimulus, contingency-caused rate increases and decreases were again found, but only the rate decreases were maintained in subsequent noncontingency conditions. Further data suggested that the contingency-caused rate changes were not maintained when the stimulus terminated without reinforcement, and that they were unaffected by a threefold decrease in the reinforcement rate provided by the baseline schedules. The results support the suggestion that performance in the positive conditioned suppression procedure results from concurrent and multiple schedule interactions. They further suggest that the production of either acceleration or suppression is dependent on adventitious and historical contingencies.     

马克思主义辩证法的形成问题

研究马克思早期著作中的唯物辩证法形成过程,这绝不是出于单纯的历史兴趣。对这些早期著作及其中包含的辩证法思想所做的某种阐释,和对唯物辩证法理论本身所做的某些解释之间,存在着紧密的相互联系。众所周知,当代的马克思主义者对马克思早期著作的成熟程度有不同的评价,因此对马克思主义哲学发展中早期和成熟期之间、以及黑格尔的唯心主义辩证法和马克思的唯物辩证法之间的继承问题的解答,也就各有不同。近年来,这些问题引起了国外马克思主义者尤其是法国和意大利的马克思主义者的特别关注。在这些国家开展的关于马克思主义辩证法问题的讨论中,特别明显的趋势是通过辩证     

论库恩的《科学革命的结构》和科学发展的辩证法

本世纪六十年代资产阶级科学哲学演变的特点是同在此以前占统治地位的实证主义坚决分道扬镳。“在现代自然科学和社会科学的哲学中,主要倾向是反实证主义”——西方现代逻辑学-方法论的刊物上常常这样说。对这一现象进行历史和哲学的     

康德思想今论

一、康德的哲学体系实践理性的首要意义思考康德哲学现实意义的人,首先注意的是康德哲学的系统性。康德是一位伟大的系统学家,康德关于哲学知识结构的观念,至今仍未过时。我们在康德手稿中可以读到这样一段话:“有些人认为,系统只与叙述有关,其实,认识和思维的客体也有系统……有些人打算构筑体系,而他们搞出来的不过是些组合物。构筑这种东西,需要的只是一种方法;系统需要方法……不掌握系统,可以获得历史知识,在一     

解释康德学说的几条途径——第四届国际康德讨论会情况报告

H.劳纳教授领导的伯尔尼方法论研究所(F.格瑞特联合会)于1980年5月1日至4日召开了一次康德哲学讨论会,有十一篇论文讨论了康德哲学的各种问题。讨论会不但表明了,对康德的解释存在着巨大的困难,而且也表明了,康德的学说仍有着重要的现实意义,对康德学说的兴趣已打破了语言的界限和哲学的传统。在这一方面最突出的例证就是那些试图用(内涵)逻辑的形式方法来解释康德某些著作的论文。 L W.贝克的《康德论自然界的规律性》,E.埃