普列汉諾夫的文学和艺术观

格奥尔基·瓦連廷諾維奇·普列汉諾夫是先进的俄罗斯文化的优秀代表的繼承者,是最早的俄国馬克思主义者之一。他从馬克思的立場进一步研究了美学和俄罗斯的民族文化,揭露了俄罗斯民族文化的阶級性并断定了反动的和先进的派別。他依据了馬克思主义的重要原理:在阶級社会里,文化、意識形态不能不具有阶級性,而且統治阶級的文化、意識形态始終是佔着統治     

美国的哲学思潮

在1955年的布鲁塞尔会议和1959年的维尼斯会议上,哲学界就已经表现出分成两人集团,在最近的墨西哥会义上确定了这种划分。战争把大不列颠从大陆分开了。这种起初是局部的断层延伸到全世界,在墨西哥会议的时候,已经是盎格鲁-萨克逊站在一方,而欧洲及拉丁美洲站在另一方。在墨西哥会议上,最突出的是大批说西     

Neuromuscular control of posture in the infant and child: is vision dominant?

This study explored the effects of vision and maturation on the characteristics of neuromuscular responses underlying balance control in both seated and standing children of five age groups (3 1/2-5 months, 8-14 months, 2-3 years, 4-6 years, and 7-10 years). A platform was used to unexpectedly disturb the child's balance in the anterior or posterior direction. Responses of the leg, trunk, and neck muscles were recorded using surface electromyograms. Vision was not required for the activation of these responses in any of the age groups tested. However, comparison of the muscle response latencies of standing children to posterior platform translation in the two visual conditions showed a significant reduction in latency for neck flexors in the 2- to 3-year-olds with vision removed and ann increase in the total number of monosynaptic reflexes. No reduction in latency was found in the older age groups. The hypothesis of a shift from an early long latency visual dominance to a shorter latency proprioceptive one during childhood is discussed. Postural control showed a cephalo-caudal developmental gradient with postural responses appearing first in the neck, then trunk, and finally, legs, as children developed from 3 to 14 months of age. A wide variety of response patterns was seen in the 3- to 5-month-olds, indicating that postural responses are not functional prior to experience with stabilizing the center of mass.     

信息与当代全球性问题

今天,我们时代的第三个千年即将来临的时候,整个人类面临着一系列不以社会经济制度,不以某些地区和国家的发展水平为转移的全球性问题。人类文明的现在和未来均有赖于这些问题及时而有效的解决。这些问题是社会历史发展的产物,是科学技术进步的产物,也是经济、社会、政治和其他过程错综复杂相互交织的结果。全球性问题的解决需要有各国际集团、国家团体的所有参加者高度的相互谅解、同心协力和努力配合,以期达到共同协商的目的。没有相应的在高水平上实现的信息保证,要想对世界社会主义发展中、世界革命进程和     

浅

正一抹斜阳,几竿疏影,一弯清流,几点寒星。最美的风景,不过一个"浅"字。苿莉、米兰、桂子,无不幽香沁骨,但只有月白、淡黄一抹浅色。只有浅色的花,才有疏淡的清香,才有撩人心魄的风味。"茉莉好像没有什么季节,在日里在夜里,时时开着小朵的清香的蓓蕾。想你好像也没有什么分别,在日里在夜里,在每一个恍惚的刹那间。"席慕蓉清丽     

A perception-action strategy for hummingbirds

Many human and animal tasks are thought to be controlled with the tau informational variable. It is widely accepted that controlling the rate of change of tau (tau) during decelerative tasks, such as when braking or landing, is one common perceptual control strategy. However, many tasks require accelerating before decelerating to a goal, such as reaching. An advancement of tau theory shows how a single action formula may be used to control the full action unit from initiation to peak velocity, and to rest at the goal, with the same perceptual tau information as before and accounting for the same decelerative kinematics as before. Here, we test the theory against data from high-speed video of a hummingbird flying to its flower feeder. We find that the theory accounts for 97% of the variance in the data, and thus supports it.     

Sleep after learning aids memory recall

In recent years, the effect of sleep on memory consolidation has received considerable attention. In humans, these studies concentrated mainly on procedural types of memory, which are considered to be hippocampus-independent. Here, we show that sleep also has a persisting effect on hippocampus-dependent declarative memory. In two experiments, we examined high school students' ability to remember vocabulary. We show that declarative memory is enhanced when sleep follows within a few hours of learning, independent of time of day, and with equal amounts of interference during retention intervals. Sleep deprivation has a detrimental effect on memory, which was significant after a night of recovery sleep. Thus, fatigue accumulating during wake intervals could be ruled out as a confound.     

《哲学的主要趋向》简介

联合国“教科文”组织于60年代中期开始筹编一套大型的《社会科学和人文科学研究主要趋向》丛书,用以概述上述领域最新学术进展及主要问题和发展趋向,其中的哲学卷(由保罗·利科主编,初版于1978年出版)中译本名为《哲学的主要趋向》已由商务印书馆1988年出版,现将部分内容简述如下。在该书的序言     

《资本论》的逻辑

马克思站在唯物主义立场上对由抽象上升到具体的方法从根本上进行了重新认识。这是由于这一方法本身的任务改变了:这一方法是作为现实地研究具体的客体来运用,而不是作为从根本上“决定思维”的体系的笼统轮廓来运用了。作为认识的基础性因素的经验,可以在这样了解的思维任务的前后联系中加以考察。譬如,在思维的现有内容同经验方面相反的例子发生冲突的条件下,就必须从逻辑-方法论上分析行为的各种“狡计”的观点而言,情况就是这样。实现这类克服理论思维与经验知识的矛盾的“狡计”是《资本论》中由抽象上升到具体的方法所独具的特点(这正是“实事求是”地研究现实存在的客体的一种方法)。如果说黑格尔的辩证逻辑是一种思辨思维的逻辑,那么,体     

未被透彻理解的马克思

在苏联近年的改革过程中,出现了怀疑、批评、否定和攻击马克思列宁主义学说的现象。在一段时期里,这种消极倾向在出版物和大众传播媒体中还表现得极为突出。谁都不曾预料到,列宁在本世纪初指出的批判马克思主义成为一种时髦的那种现象,而今,在本世纪末,竟然在苏联也会重演。而且今天这种“批判”竟来自从前宣称自己信仰马克思主义的人,而另外一些哲学家却不得不在“困难”的条件下,冒着被扣上“保守派”帽子的危险重新投入“反潮流”和捍卫马列主义的斗争中去。严肃的哲学工作者对上述这种泥沙俱下,鱼龙混杂的局面是有所认识的,对消极现象是做了抵制的(尽管并不总是坚决有力的)。他们主张对马克思列宁主义采取严肃认真的态度,提倡结合当代世界现实、本国国情和科学技术进步的新趋势来重新思考、学习和研究马克思列宁主义。与此同时,他们也坚决反对用教条主义(老的和新的)态度对待马克思列宁主义,强调应科学地、创造性地对待人类的所有精神遗产。苏联哲学正面临着极为严峻而艰巨的考验,它能否经受得住此番风雨而得到复兴,我们还要观察和等待。为反映苏联哲学当前的复杂形势,本刊在这一期上选登了几篇较有代表性的文章,供读者在思考和研究苏联哲学演变时参考。本专栏4篇由本刊和贾泽林同志共同选题。