《共产党宣言》,欧洲与无产阶级政党

1848年问世的《共产党宣言》,是马克思和恩格斯参加的共产主义者同盟的纲领。毫无疑问,《宣言》是欧洲的,因为它在伦敦印刷,是由两个德国撰稿人完成的,这两个人在布鲁塞尔邂逅而且都加入了主要由德国人组成的、总部设在巴黎(后移至伦敦)的一个组织。可能正是由于警察的镇压,共产主义的幽灵才在欧洲徘徊。面对资本主义的世界化,革命者已经在反对资产阶级国际主义的实践,马克思和恩格斯于1843年夏天在巴黎相遇,而恩格斯曾谈到自这次相遇以来,他们已经有了一个理论的完整协议,他们第二次相遇在1844年春天,于布鲁塞尔,而恩格斯断言说,在那时,马克思“已经完全确立了他的历史唯物主义的学说”。     

休谟关于“因果关系”的两个定义

鲁宾逊在最近哲学季刊上的一篇文章中认为，在休漠《人性论》一书中关于因果关系的两种定义并不是定义，而是一种根据经验的心理学论述即已经被确定的内容的定义。他的这个命题我不能接受，尽管他的那些次要的论题即（a）详细阐明了休漠所谓的“哲学关系”和“自然关系”，（）与史密斯相反，休漠支持因果关系的“统一性”观点确实是合理的。因此我希望（I）能够解释为什么鲁宾逊的主要命题不能真正说明休漠的两个因果关系定义，（巨）并证明他的结论并不是来自他自己的论述（巨）试图解释体漠关于“因果关系”的两个定义，这可以较真实地…     

自我评论

一、字里行间有与无我已迈入人生第50个年头②，值此理想的时刻，回顾自己思想发展的历程并努力审视在勤奋工作年代（我将永远怀念）走过的正确道路，将受益匪浅。但我不撰写忏悔录，也不撰写纪念文章、我的人生回忆录。仟悔录，即对自我的道路反省，我不写，因为我认为每时每刻忏海十分有益，即力争实施行为时做到心明眼亮，我同样认为对个别人生做普遍判断徒劳无益。除了自认应进天堂或炼狱这个唯一目的，我看这类一般仔海只用以表现个人的虚荣心：或自鸣得意，或自怨自艾和痛心疾首，因为在两种情况下他确信意义重大的事物，实际上并非如…     

增补的危险性

我们让人反复理解这一点:对生动话语的称赞忠诚于卢梭思想中的一个主题,这个主题和它的对立面结合并组织起来:对所谓完满话语始终越发怀疑。讲话过程中,在场获得承认的同时亦遭到拒绝。卢梭提出话语高于书写的谈话应该是,或本该是明明白白的。我们必须注意这种方式,注意在生动的谈话中把我们与在场联系起来的时刻。实际上,卢梭体会到直接的话语奇迹和话语本身内所隐蔽的东西,以无可比拟的敏锐性承认并分析了这个遮盖物,我们尝试通过语言的表示抓住所渴望的在场,但我们失掉了它。斯塔罗宾斯基在《活的眼睛》中     

论四种内在价值

价值论作为一门普遍的科学,它最基本的问题是理解内在价值的本质。这是它的核心问题。它的问题的关键就在于此。它的一些其他问题都与此相关,是其所产生、所结果、所包含,它的核心问题、它的结论就在于此。 一、有四种相区别的内在价值。它们如何相互依存、相互补充、相互交融,我将在稍后讨论。我的第一个任务是划清它们的区别,表明这四种中的每一个如何是基本的,通常是排他的,而且每一个都宣称是终极的。这些理论是相当著名的,尽管赞同其中一种的人们倾向于忽略和否认其他种。我使用了与它们的专门历史相关的名字,其中有的在知名度上略逊一筹。     

关于俄国哲学中的“俄国思想”

1993年3月在莫斯科召开了一次俄国哲学国际会议。大会是由克林顿领导的美国跨国研究所和俄罗斯科学院哲学所共同组织的。参加会议的有来自俄、美、英、法、德、意等国的著名俄国哲学史专家。本刊选译了俄《哲学问题》杂志1994年第1期上发表的部分会议材料:M.H.格罗莫夫的《俄国文化的永恒价值》,Ⅱ)K.斯坎兰的《俄国需要俄国哲学吗?》和A.瓦利茨基的《关于俄国哲学中的“俄国思想”》。 这组文章由贾泽林协助本刊选题。     

Maintenance of key pecking by response-independent food presentation: the role of the modality of the signal for food

Three pigeons were exposed to a series of procedures in which periods of response-independent food presentation, on a variable-time schedule, alternated with periods in which food was never presented. The stimuli that signalled periods of food availability or non-availability varied from one procedure to the next, and were sometimes key colors, sometimes tones, and sometimes compounds of both. Key pecking was initiated and maintained when key color was a signal for food; key pecking was not initiated when a tone was the signal for food. However, control of key pecking that was already established could be transferred from key color to tone, and subsequently, initiated by the tone. It is suggested that for pigeons, pre-experimental relationships exist among food, visual stimuli, and pecking, and that a similar relationship, which includes auditory stimuli, must be induced in the laboratory.     

The effect of self-recording on the classroom behavior of two eighth-grade students

The effects of self-recording on classroom behavior of two junior high school students was investigated. In the first experiment, study behavior of an eighth-grade girl in history class was recorded. Following baseline observations her counselor provided slips for the girl to record whether or not she studied in class. This resulted in an increase in study. When slips were withdrawn, study decreased and then increased once self-recording was reinstated. After teacher praise for study was increased, self-recording was discontinued without significant losses in study behavior. In the final phase, increased praise was also withdrawn and study remained at a high level. In the second experiment, the number of talk outs emitted by an eighth-grade boy were recorded during math period. Following baseline, slips for recording talk outs were issued for the first half of the period, for the second half, and then for the entire period. Talk outs decreased when self-recording was in effect and increased again when self-recording was discontinued. When self-recording was reinstituted in the final phase there was a slight, though not significant decrease in talking out when compared to the baseline condition.     

Visual signal detection and the locus of foreperiod effects

The effect of alertness on S's sensitivity to external signals was determined by varying the foreperiod in a visual signal detection task. Discriminability increased with increasing foreperiods up to an optimal foreperiod, beyond which it decreased slightly. This pattern of results parallels closely that of many foreperiod studies in which reaction time was the dependent variable. Because no speeded response was required in this signal detection task, it was concluded that alertness must be affecting an information processing stage prior to those associated with responding. Other evidence indicates that alertness does not affect sensory stages either. Alertness, by elimination, must be affecting the operation of a central stage, Posner's view of alertness which implicates the central stages is discussed.     

普列汉诺夫著作中的哲学史问题

在普列汉诺夫的遗著中,关于哲学史问题的著作和言论有着重大的意义。在哲学史方面普列汉诺夫所感到兴趣的问题是非常广泛的;它包括人类思想史的一个巨大领域——从原始社会万物有灵观念的发生直到二十世纪的各种资产阶级哲学学说(新康德主义、马赫主义、实用主义、克罗齐主义、马萨列克主义以及其它等等)。普列汉诺夫还研究了各种各样的社会思潮——从亚里士多德的观点直到帝国主义资产阶级的社会学“理论”(施塔莫勒、司徒卢威以及其他等等)。