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Human Signal-detection Performance: Effects Of Signal Presentation Probabilities And Reinforcer Distributions 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
University students participated in one of four standard two-choice signal-detection experiments in which signal presentation probability was varied and the reinforcement distribution was held constant and equal. In Experiments 1, 3 and 4, subjects' performance showed a systematic response bias for reporting the stimulus presented least often. Experiments 1 and 4 showed that this effect was reliable with extended training and monetary, rather than point, reinforcement. In Experiment 2, all correct responses were signaled in some way, and this produced the opposite relationship between signal presentation probability and response bias. Experiments 1 and 3 found that explicitly deducting money (intended as punishment) for equal numbers of incorrect responses on each alternative, or varying the obtained overall rate of reinforcement, produced no clear change in response bias. The bias, shown by humans, for reporting the stimulus presented least often remains a challenge for theories of stimulus detection. 相似文献
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A review of the literature was conducted to better understand the (potential) role of mental health professionals in physician-assisted suicide. Numerous studies indicate that depression is one of the most commonly encountered psychiatric illnesses in primary care settings. Yet, depression consistently goes undetected and undiagnosed by nonpsychiatrically trained primary care physicians. Noting the well-studied link between depression and suicide, it is necessary to question giving sole responsibility of assisting patients in making end-of-life treatment decisions to these physicians. Unfortunately, the use of mental health consultation by these physicians is not a common occurrence. Greater involvement of mental health professionals in this emerging and debated area is advocated. Beyond describing mental health professionals' role in the assessment of patient competency or decision making capacity, other areas of potential involvement are described. A discussion of ethical principles relevant to this area follows, along with comments on the training necessary to adequately serve patient needs. 相似文献
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Dr. Neuro Transmitter, a psychotherapist in Paramus, New Jersey, provides services through an online, real-time consultation service known as CyberShrink, Inc., of Dallas, Texas. He is paid by the hour for his consultation services to subscribers who are billed by credit card through CyberShrink. One afternoon he logs on and is connected via private "chat channel" to a new subscriber to the service. She is Ann Hedonia of Simi Valley, California. Ten minutes into the session, Dr Transmitter recognizes that Ms. Hedonia is seriously depressed with suicidal ideation and is feeling on the edge of her ability to cope. He gently suggests that perhaps she ought to think about hospitalization near her home. Ms. Hedonia replies, "Even you don't care about me! That's it. I'm going to do it!" and disconnects. Discussion questions: Is offering psychotherapy services online ethical? What are Dr. Transmitter's obligations in general and at this particular moment to Ms. Hedonia? Suppose Ms. Hedonia has a complaint about Dr. Transmitter. From whom can she seek a remedy? Which state's laws apply regarding professional practice, confidentiality, or licensing qualifications? Must Dr. Transmitter be licensed in any state to offer this service? 相似文献
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对人的尊严的挑战——试论P.辛格的优先权——实利主义 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
一个社会对其成员重视和承认的程度,首先表现为这个社会如何对待其成员中的弱者和受歧视的人。而在每个社会遭受歧视的人中,无疑也包括那些由于先天或后天的缘故患有精神上或肉体上的疾病而需要特别照顾的人。1989年以来,首先是这一社会群体的代言人,对他们的遭遇提出了强烈的抗议。而他们的抗议,又引发了德国舆论界对澳大利亚哲学家彼得·辛格的关注。特别是辛格关于可以对残疾人(既包括先天不足的婴儿,也包括老年人)施行强制性安乐死的论述,点燃了论战的烽火,更激起了一部分人的强烈抗议。残疾人的代盲人指出,辛格的“实用伦理学”不仅是对“残疾人”,而且从根本上讲是对人的错误认识。 相似文献
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在六十年代,资本主义用以攻击马克思列宁主义的新手法,特别清楚地表现在所谓“新左派”运动这种独特的左倾机会主义思想体系中。这种运动在1968年法国五一六月事件中表现得最为明显。在此之前不久,它也表现在六十年代左翼学生运动中,这个运动开始于美国、后来波及西欧许多资本主义国家,还传播到日本。对六十年代思想斗争所作的分析令人信服地证明,这种左倾机会主义的主要思想根源之一,就是所 相似文献
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鲍波尔(Koal Popper)系奥地利自然科学和社会科学哲学家。1902年出生于维也纳,在那里,他研读数学、物理和哲学。尽管他不是逻辑实证主义维也纳学派的成员,而且在许多地方同他们还有着严重的分歧,但是他的哲学志趣却和该学派的主张还是颇为投合的。他同它的一些成员也有着密切的交往,对卡尔纳普的影响尤其明显。他的第一部成名著作《研究的逻辑》出版于1935年,当时就是列为维也纳学派的科学世界观丛书而问世的。1937年,鲍波尔赴新西兰坎特堡大学执教;1945年去伦敦大学伦敦经济学院工作。自1949年他一直是该学院的逻辑学和科学方法论教授。1964年封为爵士。他 相似文献