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991.
The article describes how music has been integrated into spiritual and supportive care for palliative care patients at Brantford General Hospital (Ontario). Numerous case examples illustrate how a song or piece of music can play a vital role in the spiritual dimension of end of life care. The article expands the concept of the "living human document" by positing that a life story has an accompanying soundtrack: a musical memory and sensorial attunement that can be energized when music is offered at the bedside. The writers suggest that music provides an alternate spiritual language for patients whether or not they have a religious affiliation. 相似文献
992.
Under natural conditions, human beings routinely have to choose among multiple alternatives which are associated with specific outcomes of varying desirability. Typically, decisions are based upon the processing of perceptual input, which introduces additional noise to the system. Bayesian decision theory (BDT) allows us to formalize decision under risk and to predict statistically optimal choice behavior. In the present study, human observers performed a classification task characterized by an extensive amount of perceptual uncertainty (auditory localization). In addition, a spatial reward function was imposed on the task. We set up a BDT model with no free parameters to serve as a benchmark for statistically optimal choices, and tested it against a purely perceptual model and a hybrid, heuristic model. In addition, we tested these three models with free rather than fixed parameters for the perceptual uncertainty and the peak of the reward function. The log likelihoods of the models given the empirical data were determined by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Bayesian model comparison (BMC) revealed that the BDT model with two free parameters was the most plausible among the tested models. The fitted parameter values for the peak of the reward function were consistently smaller than the actual peak reward communicated to the participants. The results are discussed in the context of an internal underweighting of the reward function. 相似文献
993.
Sauzéon H Arvind Pala P Larrue F Wallet G Déjos M Zheng X Guitton P N'Kaoua B 《Experimental psychology》2011,59(2):99-108
Episodic memory was assessed using Virtual Reality (VR). Forty-four (44) subjects visualized a target virtual apartment containing specific objects in each room. Then they visualized a second virtual apartment comprised of specific objects and objects shared by the two apartments. Subjects navigated in the virtual apartments in one of the following two conditions: active and passive. Four main episodic memory components were scored from the VR exposures: (1) learning effect; (2) active forgetting effect; (3) strategies at encoding and at retrieval; and (4) false recognitions (FRs). The effect of navigation mode (active vs. passive) on each memory component was examined. Active subjects had better learning and retrieval (recognition hits) performances compared to passive subjects. A beneficial effect of active navigation was also observed on the source-based FR rates. Active subjects made fewer source-based FRs compared to passive subjects. These overall results for the effect of active navigation are discussed in terms of the distinction between item-specific and relational processing. 相似文献
994.
Robots are increasingly expected to perform tasks in complex environments. To this end, engineers provide them with processing
architectures that are based on models of human information processing. In contrast to traditional models, where information
processing is typically set up in stages (i.e., from perception to cognition to action), it is increasingly acknowledged by
psychologists and robot engineers that perception and action are parts of an interactive and integrated process. In this paper,
we present HiTEC, a novel computational (cognitive) model that allows for direct interaction between perception and action
as well as for cognitive control, demonstrated by task-related attentional influences. Simulation results show that key behavioral
studies can be readily replicated. Three processing aspects of HiTEC are stressed for their importance for cognitive robotics:
(1) ideomotor learning of action control, (2) the influence of task context and attention on perception, action planning,
and learning, and (3) the interaction between perception and action planning. Implications for the design of cognitive robotics
are discussed. 相似文献
995.
Simon P.Liversedge Katie L.Meadmore David Corck-Adelman Shui-I Shih Alexander Pollatsek 《心理与行为研究》2011,9(1):8-15
In this paper we briefly describe preliminary data from two experiments that we have carried out to investigate the relationship between visual encoding and memory for objects and their locations within scenes. In these experiments, we recorded participants′ eye movements as they viewed a photograph of a cubicle with 12 objects positioned pseudo-randomly on a desk and shelves. After viewing the photograph, participants were taken to the actual cubicle where they undertook two memory tests. Participants were asked to identify the 12 target objects(from the photograph)presented amongst 12 distractors. They were then required to place each of the objects in the location that they occupied in the photograph. These tests assessed participants′ memory for identity of the objects and their locations. In Experiment 1, we assessed the influence of the encoding period and the test delay on object identity and location memory. In Experiment 2 we manipulated scanning behaviour during encoding by "boxing"some of the objects in the photo. We showed that using boxes to change eye movement behaviour during encoding directly affected the nature of memory for the scene. The results of these studies indicate a fundamental relationship between visual encoding and memory for objects and their locations. We explain our findings in terms of the Visual Memory Model(Hollingworth & Henderson, 2002). 相似文献
996.
This paper analyses some aspects of the eye movement behaviour of readers of Thai and Chinese. The main focus is on readers′landing site distributions on words and how these are affected by the lack of clear word boundary information due to the absence of inter-word spaces. Empirical evidence from Thai and Chinese readers suggest that readers can relatively accurately target word centres. We make the case that this accuracy can be accounted for by a default targetting model(effectively, the prior landing site distribution, in Bayesian terms)modulated by statistical cues about word beginnings available from word-initial character frequencies. 相似文献
997.
False-belief (FB) tasks have been widely used to study the ability of individuals to represent the content of their conspecifics' mental states (theory of mind). However, the cognitive processes involved are still poorly understood, and it remains particularly debated whether language and inner speech are necessary for the attribution of beliefs to other agents. We present a completely nonverbal paradigm consisting of silent animated cartoons in five closely related conditions, systematically teasing apart different aspects of scene analysis and allowing the assessment of the attribution of beliefs, goals, and physical causation. In order to test the role of language in belief attribution, we used verbal shadowing as a dual task to inhibit inner speech. Data on 58 healthy adults indicate that verbal interference decreases overall performance, but has no specific effect on belief attribution. Participants remained able to attribute beliefs despite heavy concurrent demands on their verbal abilities. Our results are most consistent with the hypothesis that belief attribution is independent from inner speech. 相似文献
998.
The current study examined self-worth and body size dissatisfaction, and their association with maternal acculturation among obese Latino youth enrolled in a community-based obesity intervention program. Upon entry to the program, a sample of 113 participants reported global self-worth comparable to general population norms, but lower athletic competence and perception of physical appearance. Interestingly, body size dissatisfaction was more prevalent among younger respondents. Youth body size dissatisfaction was associated with less acculturated mothers and higher maternal dissatisfaction with their child's body size. By contrast, although global self-worth was significantly related to body dissatisfaction, it was not influenced by mothers' acculturation or dissatisfaction with their own or their child's body size. Obesity intervention programs targeted to Latino youth need to address self-worth concerns among the youth as well as addressing maternal dissatisfaction with their children's body size. 相似文献
999.
The independent component analysis (ICA) method was applied to fMRI data from two synaesthetes and their matched controls while they performed the coloured-word Stroop task and the single-letter (synaesthetic) Stroop task. ICA identified an 'attention' network, a 'perceptual' network as well as a 'conflict monitoring' network. Increased activity was observed in right V4 during the single-letter Stroop task for synaesthetes only. The finding confirms that the same neural substrate that is known to support the experience of physical colours also supports the experience of synaesthetic colours. 相似文献
1000.
How are we to understand the fact that the philosophical debate over nanotechnologies has been reduced to a clash of seemingly
preprogrammed arguments and counterarguments that paralyzes all rational discussion of the ultimate ethical question of social
acceptability in matters of nanotechnological development? With this issue as its starting point, the study reported on here,
intended to further comprehension of the issues rather than provide a cause-and-effect explanation, seeks to achieve a rational
grasp of what is being said through the appeals made to this or that principle in the range of arguments put forward in publications
on the subject. We present the results of the study’s analyses in two parts. In the first, we lay out the seven categories
of argument that emerged from an analysis of the literature: the arguments based on nature, dignity, the good life, utility,
equity, autonomy, and rights. In the second part, we present the background moral stances that support each category of argument.
Identifying the different categories of argument and the moral stance that underlies each category will enable a better grasp
of the reasons for the multiplicity of the arguments that figure in discussions of the acceptability of nanotechnologies and
will ultimately contribute to overcoming the tendency towards talking past each other that all too often disfigures the exchange.
Clarifying the implications of the moral arguments deployed in the debate over nanotechnologies may make it possible to reduce
the confusion observable in these exchanges and contribute to a better grasp of the reasons for their current unproductiveness. 相似文献