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91.
Three types of trusting have been distinguished conceptually and empirically. In cooperative trusting the trust giver explicitly expects a reaction from the trust recipient that fits with the equality norm. In pure trusting, no explicit expectation is expressed by the giver. In selfish trusting the giver explicitly expects a reaction that benefits himself or herself at the expense of the recipient. We asked whether the three types of trust elicit distinctive reactions from trust recipients. Each participant was paired with a fictitious player who ostensibly enabled him or her to divide money between them. As hypothesized, both cooperative and pure trusting elicited more equal allocations than did selfish trusting. A second hypothesis, that cooperative trust would yield more equal allocations than pure trust, was not supported. Results are discussed in terms of equality norm, self‐interest norm, reciprocity norm, reactance theory, social sanctioning, and the need to comply with others' expectations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
92.
Kaplan O Dar R Rosenthal L Hermesh H Fux M Lubow RE 《Behaviour research and therapy》2006,44(8):1137-1145
Latent inhibition (LI) is a phenomenon that reflects the ability to ignore irrelevant stimuli. LI is attenuated in some schizophrenic patient groups and in high schizotypal normal participants. One study has found enhanced LI in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD [Swerdlow, N. R., Hartston, H. J., & Hartman, P. L., 1999. Enhanced visual latent inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 482-488]). The present experiment replicated this finding using a within-subject visual search LI task, with OCD patients displaying more LI than healthy controls. The contrasting LI effects in schizophrenia and OCD are discussed in terms of how these groups differentially process relevant and irrelevant stimuli, and how that outcome affects subsequent behavior. 相似文献
93.
Two studies examined relationships between infants' early speech processing performance and later language and cognitive outcomes. Study 1 found that performance on speech segmentation tasks before 12 months of age related to expressive vocabulary at 24 months. However, performance on other tasks was not related to 2-year vocabulary. Study 2 assessed linguistic and cognitive skills at 4-6 years of age for children who had participated in segmentation studies as infants. Children who had been able to segment words from fluent speech scored higher on language measures, but not general IQ, as preschoolers. Results suggest that speech segmentation ability is an important prerequisite for successful language development, and they offer potential for developing measures to detect language impairment at an earlier age. 相似文献
94.
The Effect of Food on Test Anxiety 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Proceeding from the literature on eating behavior and anxiety reduction, this study introduces food offering as a mode of intervention aimed at reducing anxiety. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) in an anxiety evoking test situation students will tend to consume more food than in a nonanxiety inducing situation such as a regular lecture; (2) eating food (i.e., peanut butter sandwiches) will result in a reduction of subjects' initial levels of test anxiety. Both hypotheses were confirmed. It also became apparent that the mere offering of food is conducive to some anxiety reduction, presumably due to the effect on the classroom atmosphere. 相似文献
95.
96.
A psychodynamic‐existential perspective is proposed as a theoretical model that explains career burnout and serves as a basis for a counseling strategy. According to existential theory, the root of career burnout lies in people's need to find existential significance in their life and their sense that their work does not provide it. The reason that people choose a particular career is explained by psychoanalytic theory, which attributes it to significant childhood experiences, family dynamics, and familial vocational choices. Two detailed and 4 brief cases are presented to demonstrate the application of the psychoanalytic‐existential approach to career counseling that is sought as a result of burnout. 相似文献
97.
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that decision difficulty increases the likelihood of commitment to a failing project (escalation). The hypothesis was based on findings regarding status quo bias. Three aspects of decision difficulty were tested: equivalence of options, option set size and attractiveness structure of the alternatives. 相似文献98.
Stefan M. Schulz Erica Ayala Bernhard Dahme Thomas Ritz 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(4):1121-1126
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is a common estimator of vagal outflow to the heart, dependent on parasympathetic activity.
During variable breathing, both respiration rate and tidal volume contribute substantially to within-individual RSA variance.
A respiratory control method allows for within-individual correction of the time-domain index of RSA. rsaToolbox is a set
of MATLAB programs for scoring respiration-corrected RSA using measurements of cardiac interbeat intervals, respiratory-cycle
times, and tidal volumes, recorded at different paced-breathing frequencies. The within-individual regression of RSA divided
by tidal volume upon total respiratory cycle time is then used to estimate the baseline vagal tone for each breath of a given
total respiratory-cycle time. During a subsequent analysis, the difference between the observed RSA (divided by the tidal
volume at each breath) and the RSA divided by the tidal volume that was predicted by the baseline equation serves as an estimate
of changes in vagal tone. rsaToolbox includes a graphical user interface for intuitive handling. Modular implementation of
the algorithm also allows for flexible integration within other analytic strategies or for batch processing. 相似文献
99.
Oren Magid 《European Journal of Philosophy》2017,25(3):657-676
Interpreters generally understand Heidegger's notion of finitude in one of two ways: (1) as our mortality – that, in the end, we are certain to die; or (2) the susceptibility of our self‐ and world‐understanding to collapse – the fragility and vulnerability of human sense‐making. In this paper, I put forward an alternative account of what Heidegger means by ‘finitude’: human self‐ and world‐understanding is non‐transparently grounded in a ‘final end.’ Our self‐ and world‐understanding, that is, begins at the end, and authenticity requires us to interpretively appropriate the full range of this understanding. After laying out this view of finitude, via an analogical appeal to the Socratic account of action and desire in the Gorgias, I discuss its relationship to the two leading views of finitude mentioned above. 相似文献
100.
Psychological Research - Research on context-mediated facilitation of recognition memory distinguishes between the effects of reinstating the exact same context previously associated with a target... 相似文献