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941.
Although episodic memory deficit in patients with multiple sclerosis (ME) is a well established fact, there is no agreement about the origin of this disorder in terms of cognitive processes. Whereas most of the studies attribute this deficit to defects in memory recovery processes, others contribute evidence in favor of the hypothesis that considers that it originates in difficulties in coding memory processes.However, the analysis of the relationship between coding processes and memory functioning in ME is a scantly studied topic. In the present article, we studied coding processes and their relationships with executive control processes in a group of patients with ME. We used a set of indexes of the Test of Verbal Learning from the TAVEC test for the evaluation of the coding processes. To assess the executive processes we used a semantic verbal fluency task, the WCST, and WAIS III scale of matrixes. We worked with 36 patients with ME diagnosis and 36 healthy control participants, paired by age and educational level. The results showed a deficit in the coding processes and the existence of a significant association between these processes and executive functioning. 相似文献
942.
Switch cost does not disappear as more preparation time for the next task is allowed. Tornay and Milán showed that the residual cost is smaller when tasks switch randomly than when they alternate in predictable sequences. They proposed that the difference was due to control mechanisms (anterior attentional network) being activated in the random condition because of its overall difficulty. Besides, it has been shown that increasing arousal levels inhibits the anterior attentional network. Therefore, Tornay and Milán's account predicts that high arousal should result in switch cost for the random condition increasing to the levels of predictable switching. In this work, this prediction was tested by assessing the interaction between increased arousal and switch cost with both predictable and random-task switching. The results may help to solve the ongoing controversy about the causes of switch cost. 相似文献
943.
Christián C. Carman 《国际科学哲学研究》2010,24(3):257-265
In 1975, Imre Lakatos and Elie Zahar claimed that the determination of planetary distances represents excess empirical content of Copernicus’s theory over that of Ptolemy. This claim provoked an interesting discussion during the first half of the 1980s. The discussion started when Alan Chalmers affirmed that it is not correct to attribute this advantage to the Copernican system over the Ptolemaic. Other scholars criticized Chalmers’s assertion, reaffirming the position of Lakatos and Zahar: one went even further, asserting that Copernicus has not one but two methods for calculating distances, even though this claim was subsequently also criticized. But all participants assumed that Ptolemy has no method for calculating planetary distances. In this article, I argue that this is not correct. I argue, in fact, that Ptolemy has two independent methods for calculating the distances of some of the planets and, therefore, as far as the calculation of planetary distances is concerned, Ptolemy’s system surpasses that of Copernicus. 相似文献
944.
Grouping and boundary perception are central to many aspects of sensory processing in cognition. We present a comparative study of recently published computational models of boundary perception in music. In doing so, we make three contributions. First, we hypothesise a relationship between expectation and grouping in auditory perception, and introduce a novel information-theoretic model of perceptual segmentation to test the hypothesis. Although we apply the model to musical melody, it is applicable in principle to sequential grouping in other areas of cognition. Second, we address a methodological consideration in the analysis of ambiguous stimuli that produce different percepts between individuals. We propose and demonstrate a solution to this problem, based on clustering of participants prior to analysis. Third, we conduct the first comparative analysis of probabilistic-learning and rule-based models of perceptual grouping in music. In spite of having only unsupervised exposure to music, the model performs comparably to rule-based models based on expert musical knowledge, supporting a role for probabilistic learning in perceptual segmentation of music. 相似文献
945.
Responses to stimuli are faster when the stimulus location spatially corresponds to the required response (standard Simon
effect). Recently, a similar effect has been observed with monocular stimuli. Responses were faster when the response location
and the stimulated eye corresponded (monocular Simon effect). It has been suggested that distinct mechanisms may underlie
these two Simon effects. Here, we attempted to study these two mechanisms simultaneously. For mean reaction time, a finding
of perfect additivity was obtained. These behavioral data coupled with surface electrophysiological measures support the view
that two different mechanisms contribute independently to the monocular and standard Simon effect. 相似文献
946.
This study explored the relationships among hostile sexism (HS), benevolent sexism (BS), and religiosity for men and women in Turkey, where Islam is the predominant religion. 73 male and 93 female university students completed measures of ambivalent sexism and religiosity. Replicating previous work with Christians, religiosity was a significant correlate of BS when HS was controlled, for both men and women. As predicted, and in contrast to previous research with Christians, partial correlations indicated that Muslim religiosity was a significant correlate of HS for men, when BS was controlled, but not for women. Women but not men showed a significant difference between religiosity’s partial correlations with HS and BS. The results were discussed in the light of relevant literature. 相似文献
947.
Hélène Naud 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(3):333-342
This paper describes the predictive power of the Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) within a male inmate population. The SPS scores of 1,047 inmates from 1995 to 1996 were compared against their suicidal behaviors in the following 10 years. The SPS probability score and the scores on its four subscales were found to be significantly higher in the group that engaged in
at least one of three types of suicidal behavior: suicide, non-lethal self-harm and serious suicidal intentions. However,
the SPS did not discriminate the inmates who went on to commit suicide. The SPS’s capacity to predict suicidal behavior proved limited in terms of sensitivity. In this regard, the SPS’s low and high risk levels correctly identified 36% of inmates who later engaged in suicidal behavior. The specificity was
0.85. These results confirm the SPS’s predictive power with male prisoners. These findings are the first to demonstrate the predictive validity of the SPS. 相似文献
948.
Seán T. MacDermott Eleonora Gullone J. Sabura Allen Neville J. King Bruce Tonge 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(3):301-314
There is increased recognition of the importance of children learning how to regulate emotions in a functional and adaptive
manner for healthy psychological development. However, there is a paucity of tools for assessing emotion regulation during
the middle childhood and adolescent years. This study reports on the psychometric evaluation of the 16-item self-report Emotion
Regulation Index for Children and Adolescents (ERICA) involving a sample of 1,389 (768 girls, 621 boys) Australian children
and adolescents aged 9 to 16 years. Convergent validity for the ERICA is reported with measures of self-conscious emotions
(shame, guilt), empathy, childhood depressive symptomatology, and the perceived parenting dimensions of Care and Overprotection.
Construct validity assessment using Principal Components Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis yielded three factors:
(1) Emotional Control, (2) Emotional Self-Awareness, and (3) Situational Responsiveness. The ERICA was also found to have
good internal consistency and to be relatively stable over a four week test-retest period and to be sensitive to age and sex
differences. It is concluded that the ERICA is a psychometrically sound measure for the assessment of the identified key aspects
of emotion regulation in children and adolescents. 相似文献
949.
Self‐ratings of personality predict academic success above general intelligence. The present study replicated these findings and investigated the increment of other‐ratings or intentionally distorted self‐ratings. Participants (N = 145) had to compile a personality questionnaire twice. First they were given neutral instructions. The second time they were asked to imagine a specific applicant setting. Furthermore, two peers rated each participant. Additionally, verbal, numerical and figural reasoning scores were obtained. Grades on a statistics exam obtained 2 months later served as the criterion. Results replicated prior findings and showed incremental validity for self‐ and other‐rated personality, which was stable after controlling for intelligence. Faking had no impact on the domain‐score level, but results on the facet‐score level were less encouraging. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
950.
Christian Klesse Mathias Berger Isaac Bermejo Tom Bschor Jochen Gensichen Timo Harfst Martin Hautzinger Carsten Kolada Christine Kühner Jürgen Matzat Christoph Mundt Wilhelm Niebling Rainer Richter Henning Schauenburg Holger Schulz Frank Schneider Prof. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Martin Härter Dipl.-Psych. 《Psychotherapeut》2010,55(3):247-263
Depressive disorders are among the most frequent reasons for utilizing the health care system. Despite the availability of efficacious treatments and further advances throughout the last years, there is still a need for improving diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. A promising approach is the implementation of evidence- and consensus-based guidelines. The German “Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Unipolare Depression” are evidence- and consensus-based clinical practise guidelines for patients with unipolar depression. All relevant stakeholders have been involved in its development and have passed the final version at the end of 2009 to foster compliance throughout. The available evidence allows the derivation of differentiated treatment recommendations, also with regard to concomitant antidepressant medication or as alternative treatment options. In acute therapy watchful waiting over 14 days is recommended for mild depression and psychotherapy after persistence of symptoms. In cases of moderate depression, psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy are equally recommended, in cases of severe depression a combination of both is recommended. 相似文献