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131.
132.
Studies on brains of individuals with an exceptional mental capacity are of widespread interest. Here, we analyze the cytoarchitecture of areas 44 and 45 (anatomical correlates of Broca's speech region) of a person with a documented extraordinary competence in language performance (Emil Krebs, E.K.), and compared it with 11 control brains. Morphometry and multivariate statistical analysis revealed significant cytoarchitectonic differences between E.K. and the controls in left and right areas 44, in right 45, and in interhemispheric asymmetries. We conclude, that the exceptional language competence of E.K. may be related to distinct cytoarchitectonic features in Broca's region. 相似文献
133.
Observers were presented with brief exposures of pairs of colored objects (letters) and asked to report both the color and
the shape of each object. Several observers showed strikingly clear evidence of nearly perfect stochastic independence between
reports of the four features (two colors and two shapes). For instance, the probability that the shape of a given object could
be reported seemed independent of (a) whether the color of the object could be reported and (b) whether features of the other
object could be reported. Such stochastic independence is predicted by many parallel-processing models (e.g., Bundesen, 1990).
However, the results are difficult to reconcile with simple serial models in which the encoding of one object is completed
before the encoding of another object is begun. 相似文献
134.
135.
Christoph Kiefer Axel Mayer 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2021,74(3):513-540
The effects of a treatment or an intervention on a count outcome are often of interest in applied research. When controlling for additional covariates, a negative binomial regression model is usually applied to estimate conditional expectations of the count outcome. The difference in conditional expectations under treatment and under control is then defined as the (conditional) treatment effect. While traditionally aggregates of these conditional treatment effects (e.g., average treatment effects) are computed by averaging over the empirical distribution, a recently proposed moment-based approach allows for computing aggregate effects as a function of distribution parameters. The moment-based approach makes it possible to control for (latent) multivariate normally distributed covariates and provides more reliable inferences under certain conditions. In this paper we propose three different ways to account for non-normally distributed continuous covariates in this approach: an alternative, known non-normal distribution; a plausible factorization of the joint distribution; and an approximation using finite Gaussian mixtures. A saturated model is used for categorical covariates, making a distributional assumption obsolete. We further extend the moment-based approach to allow for multiple treatment conditions and the computation of conditional effects for categorical covariates. An illustrative example highlighting the key features of our extension is provided. 相似文献
136.
Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics - The Publisher regrets that two erroneous values were introduced by the typesetter when performing proof corrections. 相似文献
137.
Individuals consider abstract values and principles important aspects of their identities. Nonetheless, they often make judgments and decisions that contradict these values and principles for the sake of pragmatic benefits. Assuming that the process of weighting idealistic and pragmatic concerns is context sensitive, the present research argues that affect influences the relative weight of idealistic versus pragmatic concerns in decision situations owing to its influence on the level of abstraction at which individuals represent situations mentally. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate that more positive affect increases the prominent weighting of idealistic over pragmatic concerns while less positive affect leads to less differentiation between the relevance of idealistic and pragmatic concerns. Studies 3 and 4 test the assumption that affective influences on mental abstraction are crucial for affect‐dependent shifts in the weighting of idealistic and pragmatic concerns. By bringing together theorizing on affect and cognition with recent theorizing on the role of mental abstraction for decision processes, this article highlights a mechanism through which decisions can be influenced by feelings that goes beyond the mechanisms that have typically been discussed in the affect and cognition literature so far. 相似文献
138.
Two experiments are reported which were designed to investigate the generality and the power of the mechanisms underlying
sequence learning. In both experiments, participants reacted to systematic sequences of tones. They were informed that there
was a tone systematicity. Participants were not told that the interval between a response to a tone and the onset of the subsequent
tone (response-signal interval, RSI) also varied according to a fixed regularity. Experiment 1 showed that the unattended
RSIs were learned when they were uniquely related to the tone sequence, but not when the relation was ambiguous. Experiment
2 showed that, on the basis of the traditional reaction time performance measure, participants who learned the RSIs by attending
to their systematicity could not be distinguished from those in an incidental learning condition in which the RSI systematicity
was unattended. However, a model-based analysis of the processes contributing to judgements about the event sequences suggested
that the two groups had acquired qualitatively different knowledge.
Received: 3 March 2000 / Accepted: 2 November 2000 相似文献
139.
Time plays a central role in consciousness, at different levels and in different aspects of information processing. Subliminal perception experiments demonstrate that stimuli presented too briefly to enter conscious awareness are nevertheless processed to some extent. Implicit learning, implicit memory, and conditioning studies suggest that the extent to which memory traces are available for verbal report and for cognitive control is likewise dependent on the time available for processing during acquisition. Differences in the time available for processing also determine not only the extent to which one becomes conscious of action, but also provides the basis for making attributions of authorship to experienced acts. In this paper, we offer a brief overview of these different findings and suggest that they can all be understood based on the fact that consciousness takes time. From this perspective, the availability of representations to conscious awareness depends on the quality of these representations - the extent to which they are strong, stable in time, and distinctive. High-quality representations occur when processes of global competition have had sufficient time to operate so as to make the system settle into the best possible interpretation of the input. Such processes implement global constraint satisfaction and critically depend on reentrant processing, through which representations can be further enriched by high-level constraints. We discuss these ideas in light of current theories of consciousness, emphasizing the fact that consciousness should be viewed as a process rather than as a static property associated with some states and not with others. 相似文献
140.
The multi-agent-systems paradigm is becoming more and more popular as a basis for realizing net-based solutions. This development is accompanied by an increasing relevance of security issues. For instance, the potential loss of privacy and other assets is a major concern for, both merchants and customers, in Internet-based commerce and, without being properly addressed, such very legitimate concerns hamper the growth of e-commerce.This article uses a comparison-shopping scenario to introduce a general methodology for formally verifying the security of multi-agent systems. Following the approach of possibilistic information flow security, the flow of information between and within agents is restricted in order to ensure that secrets will not be disclosed to unauthorized meddlers. The security requirements for the overall system are then decomposed into requirements for the individual agents that can be verified independently from each other. Exploiting the modular structure of a multi-agent system considerably reduces the complexity of the overall security analysis. The techniques for decomposing security requirements, for verifying individual agents, and for deriving global security guarantees for the entire system from locally verified properties are all generic in the sense that they apply also to many other systems and security requirements than the ones that appear in the example scenario. 相似文献