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111.
Kay F Schaffer 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1976,9(3):329-335
Work histories of male psychiatric patients were compared to see if they varied as a function of psychiatric diagnosis. It was predicted that there would be significant differences between diagnostic groups for types and levels of jobs held, amounts of job success achieved, and levels of job satisfaction attained. All three predictions were supported. Results indicated that the more severe the maladjustment, the less likely the men were to have been employed above the semiskilled level of occupations. Job satisfaction and job success were found to vary as a function of the personality characteristics of the different diagnostic groups. A direct relationship was found between severity of psychiatric disorder and unemployment time. Implications are discussed. 相似文献
112.
This article reviews traditional psychodynamic views of listening to the manifest and latent content of the patient's communication. It then reviews the literature on the application of such listening in group treatment. The particular application of such listening and intervention in groups for adolescents with significant ego deficits is explored. 相似文献
113.
Laloyaux C Destrebecqz A Cleeremans A 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2006,32(6):1366-1379
Using a simple change detection task involving vertical and horizontal stimuli, I. M. Thornton and D. Fernandez-Duque (2000) showed that the implicit detection of a change in the orientation of an item influences performance in a subsequent orientation judgment task. However, S. R. Mitroff, D. J. Simons, and S. L. Franconeri (2002) were not able to replicate this finding after correcting for confounds and thus attributed Thornton and Fernandez-Duque's results to methodological artifacts. Because Mitroff et al.'s failure to replicate might in turn have stemmed from several methodological differences between their study and those of Thornton and Fernandez-Duque (2000) and Fernandez-Duque and Thornton, the current authors set out to conduct a further replication in which they corrected all known methodological biases identified so far. The results suggest that implicit change detection indeed occurs: People's conscious decisions about the orientation of an item appear to be influenced by previous undetected changes in the orientation of other items in the display. Implications of this finding in light of current theories of visual awareness are discussed. 相似文献
114.
Hoffer A 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2006,66(1):1-23
The author traces the history of free association, the "fundamental rule," through the Freud-Ferenczi relationship and controversy. The use of "activity," first proposed by Freud in 1910 with phobic and compulsive patients, was then championed by Ferenczi in the early twenties. The goal of activity was to enhance-or, more accurately, "to force"--the associations into the analysis. Subsequently, Ferenczi reversed himself, concluding that his analysis was re-creating the traumatic parental environment which originally caused the patient's neurosis. The far-reaching results of Ferenczi's change of heart included a redefinition of countertransference and added the techniques of "indulgence" and "relaxation" to soften Freud's emphasis on "abstinence" and "frustration. A vignette from the analysis of a dangerously self-destructive bulimic patient illustrates the value of free association in helping a patient feel understood by the analyst without pressure to give up her symptoms. Constantly monitoring his therapeutic ambition, the analyst demonstrates the value of free association in enhancing the patient's understanding of herself and of the survival value of her symptoms. This vignette highlights the fact that the analyst's therapeutic ambition makes freedom to associate even more difficult for the patient and inevitably intrudes on the analyst's evenly hovering attention. Of course for the analyst to have a therapeutic wish is necessary and desirable but for the analyst to demand change promotes compliance and hidden rebellion which limits the analysis. 相似文献
115.
Constant interaction with a dynamic environment—from riding a bicycle to segmenting speech—makes sensitivity to the sequential structure of the world a fundamental dimension of information processing. Accounts of sequence learning vary widely, with some authors arguing that parsing and segmentation processes are central, and others proposing that sequence learning involves mere memorization. In this paper, we argue that sequence knowledge is essentially statistical in nature, and that sequence learning involves simple associative prediction mechanisms. We focus on a choice reaction situation introduced by Lee (1997), in which participants were exposed to material that follows a single abstract rule, namely that stimuli are selected randomly, but never appear more than once in a legal sequence. Perhaps surprisingly, people can learn this rule very well. Or can they? We offer a conceptual replication of the original finding, but a very different interpretation of the results, as well as simulation work that makes it clear how highly abstract dimensions of the stimulus material can in fact be learned based on elementary associative mechanisms. We conclude that, when relevant, memory is optimized to facilitate responding to events that have not occurred recently, and that sequence learning in general always involves sensitivity to repetition distance. 相似文献
116.
Over the past decade, many findings in cognitive neuroscience have resulted in the view that selective attention, working memory and cognitive control involve competition between widely distributed representations. This competition is biased by top-down projections (notably from prefrontal cortex), which can selectively enhance some representations over others. This view has now been implemented in several connectionist models. In this review, we emphasize the relevance of these models to understanding consciousness. Interestingly, the models we review have striking similarities to others directly aimed at implementing 'global workspace theory'. All of these models embody a fundamental principle that has been used in many connectionist models over the past twenty years: global constraint satisfaction. 相似文献
117.
Age-related differences in familiarity and recollection: ERP evidence from a recognition memory study in children and young adults 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Czernochowski D Mecklinger A Johansson M Brinkmann M 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2005,5(4):417-433
Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we examined the relative contributions of familiarity and recollection to recognition
memory for items and their study contexts in school-aged children and adults. Whereas adults were able to selectively accept
target items and to reject familiar nontarget items in an exclusion task, this discrimination was more difficult for children,
as was evident in the high false alarm rates to nontargets even when item memory was controlled for. The analysis of the adults’
ERPs revealed more flexible and task-appropriate retrieval mechanisms, as was evident in the correlates of familiarity, recollection,
and nontarget retrieval, as well as in postretrieval evaluation. In contrast, children’s ERPs revealed a parietal old/new effect for targets taken as a putative correlate of recollection. These findings suggest that children rely predominantly
on recollection during recognition judgments, even in the absence of efficient memory control processes. The latter processes
enable adults to monitor and verify the retrieved information and to control nontarget retrieval in the service of adequate
source memory performance. 相似文献
118.
The replicated finding that implicit learning in the serial reaction task (SRT) is impaired when both the learning and the
assessment of learning occur in the presence of a secondary tone-counting task has been interpreted as implying that the mechanism(s)
underlying implicit sequence learning require(s) attention in order to operate. However, in almost all studies, learning and
the assessment of learning have been confounded. It is therefore unclear whether tone counting affects learning per se, the
behavioral expression of the learned, or both. The goal of the present research was to disentangle the effects of tone counting
on learning and the expression of the learned. In Exps. 1a and 1b, participants performed the Nissen and Bullemer SRT under
different single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) practice schedules. In Exps. 2a and 2b, participants received different amounts
of ST and DT practice. In all experiments, degree of implicit learning was then assessed under both ST and DT conditions.
Results are consistent with the argument that primarily the expression of what has been learned and, to some extent, implicit
learning itself, are affected by tone counting. These findings are easily understood in terms of specific interference mechanisms
but are problematic for models that contain the assumption of an attentional learning mechanism.
Received: 16 October 1996 / Accepted: 5 February 1997 相似文献
119.
Psychological data suggest that internal representations such as mental images can be used as templates in visual pattern recognition. But computational studies suggest that traditional template matching is insufficient for high-accuracy recognition of real-life patterns such as handwritten characters. Here we explore a model for visual pattern recognition that combines a template-matching and a feature-analysis approach: Character classification is based on weighted evidence from a number of analyzers (demons), each of which computes the degree of match between the input character and a stored template (a copy of a previously presented character). The template-matching pandemonium was trained to recognize totally unconstrained handwritten digits. With a mean of 37 templates per type of digit, the system has attained a recognition rate of 95.3%, which falls short of human performance by only 2%–3%. 相似文献
120.
GPOWER: A general power analysis program 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
GPOWER is a completely interactive, menu-driven program for IBM-compatible and Apple Macintosh personal computers. It performs high-precision statistical power analyses for the most common statistical tests in behavioral research, that is,t tests,F tests, andχ 2 tests. GPOWER computes (1) power values for given sample sizes, effect sizes andα levels (post hoc power analyses); (2) sample sizes for given effect sizes,α levels, and power values (a priori power analyses); and (3)α andβ values for given sample sizes, effect sizes, andβ/α ratios (compromise power analyses). The program may be used to display graphically the relation between any two of the relevant variables, and it offers the opportunity to compute the effect size measures from basic parameters defining the alternative hypothesis. This article delineates reasons for the development of GPOWER and describes the program’s capabilities and handling. 相似文献