全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1218篇 |
免费 | 82篇 |
专业分类
1300篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 14篇 |
2020年 | 19篇 |
2019年 | 19篇 |
2018年 | 27篇 |
2017年 | 41篇 |
2016年 | 30篇 |
2015年 | 22篇 |
2014年 | 27篇 |
2013年 | 113篇 |
2012年 | 43篇 |
2011年 | 50篇 |
2010年 | 38篇 |
2009年 | 40篇 |
2008年 | 52篇 |
2007年 | 42篇 |
2006年 | 33篇 |
2005年 | 32篇 |
2004年 | 38篇 |
2003年 | 31篇 |
2002年 | 27篇 |
2001年 | 35篇 |
2000年 | 49篇 |
1999年 | 37篇 |
1998年 | 19篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1996年 | 15篇 |
1995年 | 13篇 |
1994年 | 13篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 15篇 |
1991年 | 20篇 |
1990年 | 16篇 |
1989年 | 15篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 19篇 |
1985年 | 15篇 |
1984年 | 12篇 |
1983年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 11篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1979年 | 12篇 |
1977年 | 12篇 |
1975年 | 9篇 |
1974年 | 16篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
1971年 | 13篇 |
1968年 | 11篇 |
1967年 | 10篇 |
1966年 | 17篇 |
1965年 | 14篇 |
排序方式: 共有1300条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
201.
Olusola O. Adesope Tracy Lavin Terri Thompson Charles Ungerleider 《The British journal of educational psychology》2011,81(4):629-653
Background. Many countries rely on immigrants for population growth and to maintain a skilled workforce. However, many such immigrants face literacy‐related barriers to success in education and in the labour force. Aims. This meta‐analysis reviews experimental and quasi‐experimental studies to examine strategies for teaching English literacy to immigrant students. Method. Following an exhaustive and systematic search for studies meeting pre‐determined inclusion criteria, two researchers independently extracted data from 26 English as a Second Language (ESL) studies involving 3,150 participants. These participants consisted of ESL immigrant students in kindergarten through grade 6 who were exposed to English literacy instructional interventions. Measured outcomes were reading and writing. Results and Conclusions. Mean effect sizes vary from small to large, depending on instructional interventions and outcome constructs. Across several different grade levels, settings, and methodological features, pedagogical strategies used in teaching ESL to immigrant students are associated with increased competence in reading and writing. Collaborative reading interventions, in which peers engage in oral interaction and cooperatively negotiate meaning and a shared understanding of texts, produced larger effects than systematic phonics instruction and multimedia‐assisted reading interventions. The results show that the pedagogical strategies examined in this meta‐analysis produced statistically significant benefits for students in all grade levels. The findings also show that students from low socio‐economic status (SES) background benefit from ESL literacy interventions. However, significant heterogeneity was found in each subset. Educators and policy makers are encouraged to consider specific school contexts when making decisions about optimal pedagogical strategies. It is possible that contextual factors as well as ESL learner characteristics may influence the effectiveness of these strategies. To ensure literacy acquisition for immigrant students whose primary language is not English, it is important to continue to research successful literacy practices in ways that better inform educators and policy makers. 相似文献
202.
We observed 11 undergraduates in an experiment designed to simulate infant caregiving. In negative reinforcement conditions experienced by all participants, a targeted caregiving response (e.g., rocking a baby doll) produced escape from, and avoidance of, a recorded infant cry. Nine participants' caregiving was shown to be controlled by this negative reinforcement contingency. Nine participants experienced an extinction condition that consisted of an inescapable cry, and the previously reinforced caregiving responses of 2 of these participants were resistant to extinction. For both of these participants, the previously reinforced response was eliminated when an alternative form of caregiving was reinforced. These results highlight the role of negative reinforcement in infant caregiving and suggest the need for additional research on the effects of crying on caregivers as well as the development of effective strategies for minimizing infant crying. 相似文献
203.
204.
Sara F. Waters Elita A. Virmani Ross A. Thompson Sara Meyer H. Abigail Raikes Rachel Jochem 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(1):37-47
This study examined the association between the security of attachment and processes influencing the development of emotion
regulation in young children. A sample of 73 4 1/2-year-olds and their mothers were observed in an emotion regulation probe
involving mild frustration for children, and mothers and children were later independently interviewed about how the child
had felt. Fewer than half the mothers agreed with children’s self-reports in the emotion they attributed to children (a lower
rate than the concordance of observer ratings with children’s self-reports), and higher mother-child concordance was associated
with secure attachment and mother’s beliefs about the importance of attending to and accepting their own emotions. Mother-child
conversations about recent events evoking children’s negative emotion were also analyzed. Children were less likely to avoid
conversing about negative feelings when they were in secure attachments and when mothers were more validating of the child’s
perspective. Children’s greater understanding of negative emotions was also significantly associated with higher mother-child
concordance and less child conversational avoidance. Taken together, these findings underscore the multiple influences of
attachment on emotion regulation and the importance of children’s emotion understanding to these processes. 相似文献
205.
Garry B. Hall Maureen F. Dollard Michelle R. Tuckey Anthony H. Winefield Briony M. Thompson 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2010,83(1):237-250
We propose and test a comprehensive theory designed to explain seemingly contradictory relations between job demands, emotional exhaustion, and work‐family conflict (WFC) reported in the literature. Using job demands‐resources theory, effort‐recovery theory, and personal resources theory we hypothesized that job demands would spillover to emotional exhaustion as mediated by WFC (causality model), and alternatively that job demands would also spillover to WFC as mediated by emotional exhaustion (reverse causal model). Further, we also hypothesized using loss spiral theory that a more comprehensive model representing reciprocal and cross‐linked effects (causal and reverse causal simultaneously) would best fit the data. The hypotheses were tested in a longitudinal study of 257 Australian (Victorian) frontline police officers at two time points approximately 12 months apart. We used structural equation modelling and found in support of the simultaneous reciprocal effects hypothesis, that the more comprehensive model fitted the data better than either the causality or the reverse causal model. Future research should more comprehensively model the important relationships between job demands, emotional exhaustion, and WFC to reflect their complex interplay. Interventions to reduce work demands arising from work pressure and emotional demands are indicated to prevent conflict at home and emotional exhaustion in police officers. 相似文献
206.
Thompson BM Baratta MV Biedenkapp JC Rudy JW Watkins LR Maier SF 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2010,17(11):591-599
Activation of the infralimbic region (IL) of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) reduces conditioned fear in a variety of situations, and the IL is thought to play an important role in the extinction of conditioned fear. Here we report a series of experiments using contextual fear conditioning in which the IL is activated with the GABAa antagonist picrotoxin (Ptx) during a single extinction session in the fear context. We investigate the impact of this manipulation on subsequent extinction sessions in which Ptx is no longer present. First, we demonstrate that a single treatment with intra-IL Ptx administered in a conditioned fear context greatly accelerates the rate of extinction on the following days. Importantly, IL-Ptx also enhances extinction to a different fear context than the one in which IL-Ptx was administered. Thus, IL-Ptx primes extinction learning regardless of the fear context in which the IL was initially activated. Second, activation of the IL must occur in conjunction with a fear context in order to enhance extinction; the extinction enhancing effect is not observable if IL-Ptx is administered in a neutral context. Finally, this extinction enhancing effect is specific to the IL for it does not occur if Ptx is injected into the prelimbic region (PL) of the mPFC. The results indicate a novel persisting control of fear induced by activation of the IL and suggest that IL activation induces changes in extinction-related circuitry that prime extinction learning. 相似文献
207.
The current study tested the ability of whines and child-directed speech to attract the attention of listeners involved in a story repetition task. Twenty non-parents and 17 parents were presented with two dull stories, each playing to a separate ear, and asked to repeat one of the stories verbatim. The story that participants were instructed to ignore was interrupted occasionally with the reader whining and using child-directed speech. While repeating the passage, participants were monitored for Galvanic skin response, heart rate, and blood pressure. Based on 4 measures, participants tuned in more to whining, and to a lesser extent child-directed speech, than neutral speech segments that served as a control. Participants, regardless of gender or parental status, made more mistakes when presented with the whine or child-directed speech, they recalled hearing those vocalizations, they recognized more words from the whining segment than the neutral control segment, and they exhibited higher Galvanic skin response during the presence of whines and child- directed speech than neutral speech segments. Whines and child-directed speech appear to be integral members of a suite of vocalizations designed to get the attention of attachment partners by playing to an auditory sensitivity among humans. Whines in particular may serve the function of eliciting care at a time when caregivers switch from primarily mothers to greater care from other caregivers. 相似文献
208.
English exhibits compensatory shortening, whereby a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable is measured to be shorter than the same stressed syllable alone. This anticipatory shortening is much greater than backward shortening, whereby an unstressed syllable is measured to shorten a following stressed syllable. We speculated that measured shortening reflects not true shortening, but coarticulatory hiding. Hence, we asked whether listeners are sensitive to parts of stressed syllables hidden by following or preceding unstressed syllables. In two experiments (Experiments 1A and 1B), we found the point of subjective equality—that is, the durational difference between a stressed syllable in isolation and one followed by an unstressed syllable—at which listeners cannot tell which is longer. In a third experiment (Experiment 2), we found the point of subjective equality for stressed monosyllables and disyllables with a weak-strong stress pattern. In all of the experiments, the points of subjective equality occurred when stressed syllables in disyllables were measured to be shorter than those in monosyllables, as if the listeners heard the coarticulatory onset or the continuation of a stressed syllable within unstressed syllables. 相似文献
209.
Swain RA Shinkman PG Thompson JK Grethe JS Thompson RF 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》1999,71(2):167-193
It has been demonstrated previously that pairing of tone CS and intracerebellar stimulation of lobule HVI white matter as the US produces conditioning that is robust and in many ways similar to that obtained with an airpuff US. The first study in this report addressed the effect of interpositus lesions on conditioned performance in rabbits trained with white matter stimulation as the US. It was found that interpositus lesions effectively eliminated the CR irrespective of the behavioral response measured. In addition, it was shown that the interpositus lesions also abolished the UR, providing strong evidence that the effects of the electrical stimulation were confined to the cerebellum and did not require the activation of brainstem structures. The second experiment examined performance on US-alone trials of varying durations. Response initiation within 100 ms of the US onset, regardless of US duration, indicated that reflex generation could not be due to rebound excitation of the interpositus following termination of Purkinje cell inhibition of that structure but instead likely reflects orthodromic activation of interpositus neurons via climbing fiber and/or mossy fiber collaterals. The impact of US preexposure on associative conditioning in this paradigm was also determined. Animals which received only 108 US-alone trials were massively impaired during subsequent training compared to rabbits that received fewer than 12 US-alone trials. 相似文献
210.
Brad Thompson 《Synthese》2008,160(2):203-213
Most philosophers who have endorsed the idea that there is such a thing as phenomenal content—content that supervenes on phenomenal
character—have also endorsed what I call Standard Russellianism. According to Standard Russellianism, phenomenal content is
Russellian in nature, and the properties represented by perceptual experiences are mind-independent physical properties. In
agreement with Sydney Shoemaker [Shoemaker, S. (1994). Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 54 249–314], I argue that Standard Russellianism is incompatible with the possibility of spectrum inversion without illusion.
One defense of Standard Russellianism is to hold that spectrum inversion without illusion is conceivable but not in fact possible.
I argue that this response fails. As a consequence, either phenomenal content is not Russellian, or experiences do not represent
mind-independent physical properties. 相似文献