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901.
The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of a multicomponent intervention that included discrimination training, real-time visual feedback, and self-monitoring on postural behavior at a computer workstation in a simulated office environment. Using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design across 8 participants, the study assessed the effects of the intervention across three postural variables. Following an information phase, the intervention started for the lowest stable postural variable. The intervention led to substantial improvements in safety behavior for most targeted postural variables. A reversal to the information phase for 2 participants did not lead to decreases in safety. Postures self-monitored with high accuracy improved to a greater degree than postures self-monitored with low accuracy. 相似文献
902.
Although researchers are often concerned with the presence of participant demand, few have directly examined effects of demand on participant behavior. Before beginning the present study, a confederate informed participants (N = 100) of the study's purported hypothesis. Participants then performed a laboratory task designed to evaluate the extent to which they would respond in ways that may confirm or disconfirm the hypothesis of the study. The authors found that participants tended to respond in ways that confirmed the hypothesis, yet this tendency depended on attitudes toward the experiment or experimenter and other individual differences. In addition, results suggested that suspicion probes may be ineffective in measuring participants' previous knowledge and suspicion. Findings indicate the need for more research and consideration of demand in the design of studies and analysis of data. 相似文献
903.
Tharinger DJ Finn SE Austin CA Gentry LB Bailey KE Parton VT Fisher ME 《Journal of personality assessment》2008,90(6):547-558
Including a family session in a child assessment can significantly advance the assessor's and parents' understanding of the child's problems and enhance the likelihood that parents will follow through on recommendations after the assessment. A family session allows the assessor to observe the child in the family context, test systemic hypotheses, better understand the meaning of individual test results, and try out possible interventions. A family session may also help parents see systemic aspects of their child's problems, help the child feel less blamed, foster positive experiences among family members, and offer the family a glimpse of family therapy. We describe methods and techniques for structuring family sessions and offer guidance on preparing for and conducting such sessions depending on one's case conceptualization. Detailed case examples illustrate each technique and demonstrate the immediate and subsequent impact of family sessions as well as their therapeutic value. We also address common clinical and pragmatic issues. 相似文献
904.
Based on current research involving rater motivation, we examined several factors hypothesized to influence employee intentions
to provide honest upward feedback. Survey data were collected from a demographically diverse sample of hospital employees
(n = 203). In summary, we found empirical support for generalizing extant models of rater motivation to an upward feedback context:
cynicism towards upper management and the upward feedback process, understanding upward feedback, and opportunity to observe
their supervisors were the primary predictors of employee intentions to provide honest upward feedback ratings, mediated by
the (a) extent to which employees perceived positive benefits would result from rating their supervisors honestly, (b) the
extent to which employees feared retaliation by their supervisors, and (c) rater self-efficacy.
相似文献
Vincent J. FortunatoEmail: |
905.
German dialect geography developed, inter alia, as a means to compensate the shortcomings of the Young Grammarians’ approach
to language. In contrast to the latter, it was conceived of to be a sociolinguistic project, constituting thereby one link
between the development of Soviet and German linguistics. The article tries to answer such questions as who initially participated
in transferring ideas of German dialectology to the Soviet Union and what kind of motivations underlay those transfers. Combining
biographical facts with systematic aspects, the article surveys the filiations of some productive ideas with the help of archival
sources, i.e. letters of the Soviet scholars Dinges (1891–1932) and Viktor Žirmunskij (1891–1971). Finally, I try to single
out the elements in Žirmunskij dialect geography, which are specifically sociolinguistic.
相似文献
Matthias AumüllerEmail: |
906.
Peay HL Veach PM Palmer CG Rosen-Sheidley B Gettig E Austin JC 《Journal of genetic counseling》2008,17(1):6-17
This is the first article of a two-part professional development series addressing genetic counseling for personal and family
histories of psychiatric disorders. It is based on an Educational Breakout Session presented by the Psychiatric Special Interest
Group of the National Society of Genetic Counselors at the 2006 Annual Education Conference. This article examines issues
that arise in addressing family histories of psychiatric illness, while the second article in the series considers the generation
and provision of individualized recurrence risks for psychiatric disorders. In this article we discuss the importance of managing
uncertainty for affected individuals and their close family members who have been referred to genetics for a number of different
indications. We then use four simulated cases to make recommendations about the scope and timing of discussions related to
the psychiatric family history. 相似文献
907.
908.
Laidre ME 《Animal cognition》2008,11(2):179-187
Studies of intraspecific behavioral variability have documented cases where behaviors are present in some populations or groups
but are absent in others. In some cases these differences cannot be explained by recourse to environmental or genetic variation,
and may instead represent “traditions”. Despite many examples of animal traditions in acoustic communication, relatively few
examples exist of gestural traditions. Here I report on a study of communication across eight captive groups of mandrills
(Mandrillus sphinx) in which a prominent gesture (Hand extension) was unique to two groups. Habitat variability, genetic differences, and sampling
bias were not sufficient to account for the gesture’s limited distribution across the study groups. Within the two groups
where the gesture did occur only the juveniles in the group performed it, consistently directing it toward adults. Quantitative
analysis of the contexts and responses associated with the gesture suggested that juveniles utilized it to provoke adults.
Moreover, the gesture appeared to minimize the risk juveniles incurred while inciting adults, suggesting that repeated social
interactions shaped the gesture’s form. Interestingly, both the groups where the gesture emerged contained few juveniles.
With limited play partners, these juveniles may have resorted to harassing adults as an alternative social play outlet. The
creation of this novel gesture may thus be due to the combined influence of a shortage of play partners and of the increased
free time for playful social exploration afforded by captivity. Although juveniles frequently “eavesdropped” on dyadic interactions
involving the gesture and would subsequently initiate an interaction with the recipient of the gesture, there was no definitive
evidence for social transmission; the gesture could instead have been independently invented by each juvenile.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
909.
910.
Lars Nyberg Lillemor Lundin-Olsson Bj?rn Sondell Anders Backman Kenneth Holmlund Staffan Eriksson Michael Stenvall Erik Rosendahl Marcus Maxhall Gustaf Bucht 《Cyberpsychology & behavior》2006,9(4):388-395
Falls and fall-related injuries are a major problem for elderly persons. Most falls occur during walking and turning, and the risk of falling increases when attention is diverted to something besides walking. It is often difficult to standardize methods for testing balance and fall tendency in a clinically relevant setting. We describe the development of a system using a virtual environment (VE) to assess how attention demanding and unexpected events influence a person's capacity to control balance and movement. The hardware in the system consists of a head-mounted display (HMD), a magnetic tracker system, and two SGI computers. The software consists of the image generation of the VE and the management and visualization of motion tracking data. In a preliminary pilot study eight subjects (age 23-80) participated. Each subject walked on a normal floor and was visually presented a familiar outdoor environment in the HMD. They were exposed to different unexpected events, such as a virtual snowfall and tilting of the VE. Disturbances of balance and walking patterns such as changes in speed, stride length and balance reactions like slipping were observed. Two subjects experienced symptoms of cyber sickness with a SSQ score above 25 points. Walking with sensors only did not affect walking time, but in VE the subjects generally walked more slowly. Virtual tilting of the environment had an impact on balance performance during walking. This effect was not observed while the test subjects were walking in a virtual snowfall. The model needs further development but may hold a potential for clinical use. 相似文献