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Computational Representation of Practical Argument 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper we consider persuasion in the context of practical reasoning, and discuss the problems associated with construing reasoning about actions in a manner similar to reasoning about beliefs. We propose a perspective on practical reasoning as presumptive justification of a course of action, along with critical questions of this justification, building on the account of Walton. From this perspective, we articulate an interaction protocol, which we call PARMA, for dialogues over proposed actions based on this theory. We outline an axiomatic semantics for the PARMA Protocol, and discuss two implementations which use this protocol to mediate a discussion between humans. We then show how our proposal can be made computational within the framework of agents based on the Belief-Desire-Intention model, and illustrate this proposal with an example debate within a multi agent system. 相似文献
886.
Various arguments have been put forward to show that Zeno-like paradoxes are still with us. A particularly interesting one
involves a cube composed of colored slabs that geometrically decrease in thickness. We first point out that this argument
has already been nullified by Paul Benacerraf. Then we show that nevertheless a further problem remains, one that withstands
Benacerraf’s critique. We explain that the new problem is isomorphic to two other Zeno-like predicaments: a problem described
by Alper and Bridger in 1998 and a modified version of the problem that Benardete introduced in 1964. Finally, we present
a solution to the three isomorphic problems. 相似文献
887.
Carl F. Weems Leslie K. Taylor Melinda F. Cannon Reshelle C. Marino Dawn M. Romano Brandon G. Scott Andre M. Perry Vera Triplett 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(1):49-56
This study examined the stability of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a predominantly ethnic minority sample
of youth exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Youth (n = 191 grades 4th thru 8th) were screened for exposure to traumatic experiences and PTSD symptoms at 24 months (Time 1) and
then again at 30 months (Time 2) post-disaster. PTSD symptoms did not significantly decline over time and were higher than
rates reported at earlier time points for more ethnically diverse samples. Younger age, female sex, and continued disrepair
to the child’s home predicted stable elevated PTSD symptoms. Findings are consistent with predictions from contextual theories
of disaster exposure and with epidemiological data from adult samples suggesting that the incidence of PTSD post Katrina is
showing an atypical pattern of remittance. Theoretical, applied, and policy implications are discussed. 相似文献
888.
Heather B. Taylor Susan H. Landry Marcia Barnes Paul Swank Leslie B. Cohen Jack Fletcher 《Infant behavior & development》2010,33(4):365-372
This study focuses on the development of early visual information processing among infants with spina bifida (SB) compared to typically developing infants using the habituation–dishabituation paradigm. Analyses were conducted in two stages. First infants were evaluated to determine if 18-month old infants (SB = 47; Control = 40) differed in their ability to shift attention and habituate to two female faces, as well as their responses to composite and novel stimuli. Second, relations between these variables and infant motor and mental functioning were evaluated. The results of the study indicated that difficulties with visual attention skills can be detected as early as 18 months of age among infants with SB. Infants with SB differed significantly from controls on attention getting. Although there were no differences found on habituation and composite tasks, infants with SB differed significantly from controls on their ability to dishabituate. Implications are discussed. 相似文献
889.
Kristy A. Nielson Michael Seidenberg John L. Woodard Sally Durgerian Qi Zhang William L. Gross Amelia Gander Leslie M. Guidotti Piero Antuono Stephen M. Rao 《Brain and cognition》2010
Person recognition can be accomplished through several modalities (face, name, voice). Lesion, neurophysiology and neuroimaging studies have been conducted in an attempt to determine the similarities and differences in the neural networks associated with person identity via different modality inputs. The current study used event-related functional-MRI in 17 healthy participants to directly compare activation in response to randomly presented famous and non-famous names and faces (25 stimuli in each of the four categories). Findings indicated distinct areas of activation that differed for faces and names in regions typically associated with pre-semantic perceptual processes. In contrast, overlapping brain regions were activated in areas associated with the retrieval of biographical knowledge and associated social affective features. Specifically, activation for famous faces was primarily right lateralized and famous names were left-lateralized. However, for both stimuli, similar areas of bilateral activity were observed in the early phases of perceptual processing. Activation for fame, irrespective of stimulus modality, activated an extensive left hemisphere network, with bilateral activity observed in the hippocampi, posterior cingulate, and middle temporal gyri. Findings are discussed within the framework of recent proposals concerning the neural network of person identification. 相似文献
890.
Mandy Robbins Leslie J. Francis Bethan Edwards 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2010,29(2):89-94
The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) was developed by Hills and Argyle (2002) to provide a more accessible equivalent measure of the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI). The aim of the present study was
to examine the internal consistency reliability, and construct validity of this new instrument alongside the Eysenckian dimensional
model of personality. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire was completed by a sample of 131 undergraduate students together
with the abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The data demonstrated good internal consistency
reliability (alpha = .92) and good construct validity in terms of positive association with extraversion (r = .38 p < .001) and negative association with neuroticism (r = −.57 p < .001). The kind of happiness measured by the OHQ is clearly associated with stable extraversion. 相似文献