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121.
Mark A. Atkinson Andrew A. Simpson Geoff G. Cole 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2018,25(5):1585-1605
Despite considerable interest in both action perception and social attention over the last 2 decades, there has been surprisingly little investigation concerning how the manual actions of other humans orient visual attention. The present review draws together studies that have measured the orienting of attention, following observation of another’s goal-directed action. Our review proposes that, in line with the literature on eye gaze, action is a particularly strong orienting cue for the visual system. However, we additionally suggest that action may orient visual attention using mechanisms, which gaze direction does not (i.e., neural direct mapping and corepresentation). Finally, we review the implications of these gaze-independent mechanisms for the study of attention to action. We suggest that our understanding of attention to action may benefit from being studied in the context of joint action paradigms, where the role of higher level action goals and social factors can be investigated. 相似文献
122.
From 1929 onwards, C. I. Lewis defended the foundationalist claim that judgements of the form ‘x is probable’ only make sense if one assumes there to be a ground y that is certain (where x and y may be beliefs, propositions, or events). Without this assumption, Lewis argues, the probability of x could not be anything other than zero. Hans Reichenbach repeatedly contested Lewis’s idea, calling it “a remnant of rationalism”.
The last move in this debate was a challenge by Lewis, defying Reichenbach to produce a regress of probability values that
yields a number other than zero. Reichenbach never took up the challenge, but we will meet it on his behalf, as it were. By
presenting a series converging to a limit, we demonstrate that x can have a definite and computable probability, even if its justification consists of an infinite number of steps. Next we
show the invalidity of a recent riposte of foundationalists that this limit of the series can be the ground of justification.
Finally we discuss the question where justification can come from if not from a ground. 相似文献
123.
Knäuper B Kornik R Atkinson K Guberman C Aydin C 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2005,31(11):1511-1523
Past research has shown that people typically underestimate the cumulative risk of events. This effect has mainly been interpreted as resulting from the use of cognitive heuristics and judgment strategies, such as availability or anchoring and adjustment. The authors suggest that motivational processes can be an additional force in the generation of cumulative risk estimates. Using an experimental design, Study 1 shows that people underestimate the cumulative risk of infection with sexually transmitted diseases of appealing prospective sexual partners by using risk-irrelevant information for their judgment. Using a correlational design, Study 2 demonstrates that people underestimate the cumulative risk of being infected with a sexually transmitted disease and that commitment to the present partner is directly related to a low cumulative risk estimate as well as indirectly through its effect on the perceived risk of the present partner. Together, the two studies demonstrate that motivation influences the underestimation of cumulative risk. 相似文献
124.
Brownlie EB Beitchman JH Escobar M Young A Atkinson L Johnson C Wilson B Douglas L 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2004,32(4):453-467
Clinic and forensic studies have reported high rates of language impairments in conduct disordered and incarcerated youth. In community samples followed to early adolescence, speech and language impairments have been linked to attention deficits and internalizing problems, rather than conduct problems, delinquency, or aggression. This study examines the young adult antisocial outcomes of speech or language impaired children. Language impaired boys had higher levels of parent-rated delinquency symptoms by age 19 than boys without language impairment, controlled for verbal IQ and for demographic and family variables. Language impaired boys did not differ from controls in self-reported delinquency or aggression symptoms on a standardized checklist; however, language impaired boys reported higher rates of arrests and convictions than controls. Language impairment was not related to aggression or delinquency in girls. We examine alternate models of the interrelationships between language, academics, and behavior, at ages 5, 12, and 19. 相似文献
125.
Prieur MR Atkinson J Hardingham L Hill D Kernaghan G Miller D Morton S Rowell M Vallely JF Wilson S 《Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal》2006,16(1):73-98
Catholic teaching has no moral difficulties with research on stem cells derived from adult stem cells or fetal cord blood. The ethical problem comes with embryonic stem cells since their genesis involves the destruction of a human embryo. However, there seems to be significant promise of health benefits from such research. Although Catholic teaching does not permit any destruction of human embryos, the question remains whether researchers in a Catholic institution, or any researchers opposed to destruction of human embryos, could participate in research on cultured embryonic stem cells, or whether a Catholic institution could use any therapy that ultimately results from such research. This position paper examines how such research could be conducted legitimately in a Catholic institution by using an ethical analysis involving a narrative context, the nature of the moral act, and the principle of material cooperation, along with references to significant ethical assessments. It also offers tentative guidelines that could be used by a Catholic institution in implementing such research. 相似文献
126.
Atkinson M 《Science and engineering ethics》2001,7(2):193-204
A relatively high incidence of unsatisfactory review decisions is widely recognised and acknowledged as ‘the peer review problem’.
Factors contributing to this problem are identified and examined. Specific examples of unreasonable rejection are considered.
It is concluded that weaknesses of the ‘peer review’ system are significant and that they are well known or readily recognisable
but that necessary counter-measures are not always enforced. Careful management is necessary to discount hollow opinion or
error in review comment. Review and referee functions should be quite separate. 相似文献
127.
Seven experiments investigated the finding that threatening schematic faces are detected more quickly than nonthreatening faces. Threatening faces with v-shaped eyebrows (angry and scheming expressions) were detected more quickly than nonthreatening faces with inverted v-shaped eyebrows (happy and sad expressions). In contrast to the hypothesis that these effects were due to perceptual features unrelated to the face, no advantage was found for v-shaped eyebrows presented in a nonfacelike object. Furthermore, the addition of internal facial features (the eyes, or the nose and mouth) was necessary to produce the detection advantage for faces with v-shaped eyebrows. Overall, the results are interpreted as showing that the v-shaped eyebrow configuration affords easy detection, but only when other internal facial features are present. 相似文献
128.
Mark Atkinson Evangelos Ntontis Fergus Neville Stephen Reicher 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2023,17(10):e12837
Vaccines can play a crucial role in reducing the negative outcomes of pandemics. In this paper we explore how vaccine perceptions and uptake willingness can be affected by vaccine-related information, the vaccine's country of origin, and national identity. Study 1 (N = 800) showed that a vaccine manufactured by China was perceived more negatively compared to vaccines from the UK, Germany, and Chile. Providing vaccine effectiveness information (83%) increased preference for waiting for an alternative vaccine and reduced perceived effectiveness of a vaccine from China. Brexit supporters perceived vaccines as less safe in general, and particularly thought of a vaccine from China as less competent, effective, and trustworthy, and were less prepared to have it. Study 2 (N = 601) largely replicated findings of Study 1 regarding the effects of a vaccine's country of origin. Moreover, participants who reported a higher sense of British superiority reported more negative attitudes towards a vaccine from China. However, apart from the aforementioned main effects of Study 2, our attempt to manipulate British identity vis a vis a Global identity in order to examine particular national-identity related outcomes was not successful. Overall, vaccine characteristics can interact with various social psychological factors, potentially affecting people's perceptions and willingness to uptake particular measures to support personal and public health. 相似文献
129.
Rollin McCraty M.A. Bob Barrios-Choplin Ph.D. Deborah Rozman Ph.D. Mike Atkinson Alan D. Watkins M.D. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1998,33(2):151-170
This study examined the effects on healthy adults of a new emotional self-management program, consisting of two key techniques,
“Cut-Thru” and the “Heart Lock-In.” These techniques are designed to eliminate negative thought loops and promote sustained
positive emotional states. The hypotheses were that training and practice in these techniques would yield lowered levels of
stress and negative emotion and cortisol, while resulting in increased positive emotion and DHEA levels over a one-month period.
In addition, we hypothesized that increased coherence in heart rate variability patterns would be observed during the practice
of the techniques.
Forty-five healthy adults participated in the study, fifteen of whom acted as a comparison group for the psychological measures.
Salivary DHEA/DHEAS and cortisol levels were measured, autonomic nervous system function was assessed by heart rate variability
analysis, and emotions were measured using a psychological questionnaire. Individuals in the experimental group were assessed
before and four weeks after receiving training in the self-management techniques.
The experimental group experienced significant increases in the positive affect scales of Caring and Vigor and significant
decreases in the negative affect scales of Guilt, Hostility, Burnout, Anxiety and Stress Effects, while no significant changes
were seen in the comparison group. There was a mean 23 percent reduction in cortisol and a 100 percent increase in DHEA/DHEAS
in the experimental group. DHEA was significantly and positively related to the affective state Warmheartedness, whereas cortisol
was significantly and positively related to Stress Effects. Increased coherence in heart rate variability patterns was measured
in 80 percent of the experimental group during the use of the techniques.
The results suggest that techniques designed to eliminate negative thought loops can have important positive effects on stress,
emotions and key physiological systems. The implications are that relatively inexpensive interventions may dramatically and
positively impact individuals’ health and well-being. Thus, individuals may have greater control over their minds, bodies
and health than previously suspected. 相似文献
130.
Development of orientation discrimination in infancy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
It has previously been found by us, with a visual evoked potential (VEP) measure, that orientation discrimination of dynamic patterns in infants can be demonstrated from around 6 weeks after birth. Experiments are reported in which orientation discrimination was measured behaviourally, in two infant control habituation procedures, with both dynamic and static patterns. When dynamic patterns identical to those in our previous VEP studies were used, the first positive evidence of orientation discrimination was found at around 6 weeks postnatally. The time course of both the VEP and the behavioural measures was similar. However, with static patterns, evidence of orientation discrimination by newborns was found if the infants were allowed to compare the habituated and novel orientations in a paired simultaneous comparison after habituation, but was not found when the habituated and novel stimulus were presented sequentially. The positive evidence of orientation discrimination in newborns supports the hypothesis that some form of orientationally tuned detectors can be used for discrimination of static patterns at birth. However, some developmental change over several weeks seems to be required before a positive electrophysiological VEP response can be measured for dynamic patterns changing in orientation. 相似文献