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271.
This study analyzed 40 Music Television (MTV) music videos across gender role based content categories. Videos were rated at 30-second intervals by four trained raters using a consensus model. Results included the following: (a) men appeared nearly twice as often as women; (b) men engaged in significantly more aggressive and dominant behavior; (c) women engaged in significantly more implicitly sexual and subservient behavior; and (d) women were more frequently the object of explicit, implicit, and aggressive sexual advances. Overall, MTV video content primarily included implicit sexuality, objectification, dominance, and implicit aggression. Implications of these findings with respect to sex role stereotyping and the development of negative attitudes toward women were discussed. 相似文献
272.
Two hundred male and 42 female senior public administrators responded to a questionnaire that explored gender differences in self- and social attributions for career success. Attributions to professional, personal, and political contacts were examined in addition to ability, hard work, and luck. Ability and hard work were found to constitute a central factor, labeled the “Alger factor,” in attributions for oneself as well as for colleagues of both sexes. Professional contacts were seen as more important than nonprofessional contacts or luck by both sexes; women, however, perceived the Alger factor as more important to their own success than to that of male colleagues, and viewed professional contacts as more important to male colleagues than even the Alger factor. There were gender differences in the relationship of luck to the Alger factor: self-attributions to luck and to the Alger factor were positively correlated for women but negatively correlated for men, perhaps because of a differential sense of entitlement for the sexes. While affirming the centrality of the Alger factor in causal attributions, this research underscores the need to reconceptualize current research paradigms based on individualistic conceptions of achievement. 相似文献
273.
Exercise Stage of Change and Self-Efficacy in Primary Care: Implications for Intervention 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rita Cowan Everett Logue Lori Milo Paula J. Britton William Smucker 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》1997,4(3):295-311
Multiple chronic diseases are caused or complicated by a sedentary lifestyle. Thus, an important and challenging application of psychology in clinical settings is changing the behavior of sedentary primary care patients. This study focused on exercise stage of change and self-efficacy in a sample of adult family practice patients recruited while waiting for their scheduled physician appointment. Regarding exercise stage of change, 15% of respondents were in the Precontemplation stage, 26% in the Contemplation stage, 50% in the Preparation stage, 7% in the Action stage, and 13% in the Maintenance stage. Mean self-efficacy scores for exercise were significantly higher among respondents in the Action and Maintenance stages of change. These cross-sectional data are consistent with the hypothesis that movement through the exercise stages of change could be encouraged by clinical interventions that increase exercise self-efficacy. The identification of multiple personal opportunities for increasing exercise self-efficacy may be clinically useful in this context. Recommendations for psychologists in primary care settings in their work with physicians are offered. 相似文献
274.
Piero De Giacomo Luciano L’Abate Francesco Margari Andrea De Giacomo Wanda Santamato Rita Masellis 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2008,38(2):65-72
After a brief exposition of Elementary Pragmatic Model about changes in dyadic interactions, the validity and clinical usefulness
of the model was evaluated with a newly created test, called SISCI-Sentences. This test is composed of 90 Sentences with strong
psychological impact. Administration of this test to non-clinical and clinical participants produced statistically significant
differences between the choices of participants in the two groups. Implications of these results for the use of these Sentences
in the course of psychotherapy are discussed.
相似文献
Luciano L’AbateEmail: |
275.
Saul J Wandersman A Flaspohler P Duffy J Lubell K Noonan R 《American journal of community psychology》2008,41(3-4):165-170
There is a well-known gap between science and practice. To address this gap in the areas of Child Maltreatment (CM) and Youth
Violence (Y/V), the Division of Violence Prevention (DVP) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) embarked
on a Dissemination/Implementation (D/I) planning project. The project was aimed at identifying better ways to connect research
and practice through reviews of the literature as well as through discussions with experts on violence prevention and research
utilization. This introductory article sets the stage for the rest of the special issue by defining terms, providing a rationale
for the planning project, describing the planning process, and summarizing what is to come in the rest of the issue.
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention. 相似文献
276.
Across two studies, a wide age range of participants was interviewed about the nature of death. All participants were living in rural Madagascar in a community where ancestral beliefs and practices are widespread. In Study 1, children (8–17 years) and adults (19–71 years) were asked whether bodily and mental processes continue after death. The death in question was presented in the context of a narrative that focused either on the corpse or on the ancestral practices associated with the afterlife. Participants aged 8 years and older claimed that death brings an end to most bodily and mental processes. Nevertheless, particularly in the context of the religious narrative, they claimed that certain mental processes continue even after death. This assertion of an afterlife was more evident among adults than children, especially with respect to cognitive processes, such as knowing and remembering. In Study 2, 5- and 7-year-olds were asked similar questions in connection with the death of a bird and a person. Seven-year-olds consistently claimed that bodily and mental processes cease at death, whereas 5-year-olds were unsystematic in their replies. Together, the two studies replicate and extend findings obtained with Western children showing that, in the course of development, different conceptions of death are elaborated—a biological conception in which death terminates living processes and a religious conception in which death marks the beginning of a new form of spiritual existence. 相似文献
277.
Maria C. Gioia Antonio Cerasa Paola Valentino Francesco Fera Rita Nisticò Maria Liguori Pierluigi Lanza Aldo Quattrone 《Brain and cognition》2009
Extraversion and Neuroticism are two fundamental dimensions of human personality that influence cognitive functioning in healthy subjects. Little is known about personality changes that may occur in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) nor about, in particular, their neurofunctional basis. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of personality characteristics on brain activity in patients with MS. Eighteen patients with clinically definite relapsing-remitting MS without any evidence of psychiatric or cognitive disorders and thirteen healthy controls matched for age, gender and education were investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the execution of an “n-back” task. No differences were detected on the behavioral tests between the two groups, although the MS patients had lower total IQ and showed a trend towards higher Extraversion and Neuroticism scores than did the controls. fMRI analyses demonstrated that Extraversion scores were positively associated with brain activity in the fronto-parietal network including the superior parietal lobule and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in both groups during the high load condition of the n-back task. Given the overlapping neural systems found in the two groups, we suggest that the neural activity associated with specific personality dimension is a neurophysiological characteristic preserved in patients with MS at an early stage in the course of their disease. 相似文献
278.
Carolyn E. Schwartz Penelope M. Keyl John P. Marcum Rita Bode 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2009,10(4):431-448
Objectives Adults who engage in altruistic social interest behaviors experience better mental health and have lower mortality rates
than non-altruistic adults. The present study investigated the relationship between altruism and health and well-being in
teens, and demographic and lifestyle variables. Methods A cross-sectional survey was implemented with a national sample of teens recruited through the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.).
Measures included the PedsQL, the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale, and a new self-report scale of Altruism (subscales:
Receiving/ Providing Emotional Support, Family Helping Behavior, General Helping Behavior, and Helping Orientation). Results Data were collected from 457 teens (M age = 15.6, sd 1.2). Psychometric analyses revealed that a five-factor model fit the
altruism data well. Multivariate regression revealed no association between providing emotional support and psychosocial health.
There were, however, many associations between altruism and well-being, and differential associations by gender. Family helping
was the most salient aspect of altruism for males, showing associations with positive social relations, purpose in life, and
self-acceptance. For females, General Helping Behavior was associated with positive social relations, and Helping Orientation
was associated with better purpose in life. Family Helping was associated with better physical health in females, but not
for males. The only correlates of altruism were higher age, more physical activity, and engaging in positive religious coping.
Conclusions Altruism is positively associated with health for females and with well-being for both males and females. Different gender-specific
interventions to guide teens in doing more altruistic activities may have to be designed to capitalize on these different
associations.
相似文献
Carolyn E. SchwartzEmail: |
279.
Violence towards others by a minority of psychotic individuals is a significant public health concern. The severity of this other-directed violence (ODV) in the community may be influenced by insight into illness and adherence to psychotropic medications; however, few studies have tested these associations. Sixty male psychotic inpatients, legally detained at a forensic unit in New York City, were assessed with semi-structured interviews, supplemented with information from hospital and official records, family members and the treating clinician. Results indicated that in this unique sample of detained persons with psychotic disorders; (1) increase in the severity of community violence is associated with medication non-adherence, all dimensions of poor insight into illness, and several previously reported covariates such as substance use comorbidity; (2) no relationship was found between insight and adherence in this particular sample; (3) multivariate analyses showed that select covariates, along with medication adherence, and select insight domains predicted a total of 73% of the magnitude of ODV behavior in this sample. Overall, medication non-adherence explained a large amount of how violently participants behaved toward others. Since non-adherence was independent of poor insight, it may be more worthwhile for clinicians to develop treatment strategies to target medication adherence without directly addressing an elusive target such as insight into illness. Treatment addressing medication adherence needs to concomitantly target substance use behaviors since the latter was responsible for a substantial increase in ODV. 相似文献
280.
The present study examined the role that health‐related social control plays in promoting health‐enhancing behavioral reactions among married couples. Health‐related social control refers to interactions entailing influence and regulation of health practices. A sample of 109 couples answered questions about their social control interactions during structured phone interviews. Analyses maintaining the couple as the unit of analysis indicated that spouses' reports of more frequent social control overall and the use of positive, bilateral, and direct social control tactics predicted their partners' reports of health‐enhancing behavioral reactions. 相似文献