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21.
Diana Boer Anika Deinert Astrid C. Homan Sven C. Voelpel 《European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology》2016,25(6):883-899
Transformational leadership (TFL) has been proposed as an essential antecedent of leader–member exchange (LMX), which in turn affects outcomes in organizations. We extend this mediation hypothesis in two ways by proposing a differential impact model, which we test on three organizational outcomes: employee job satisfaction, employee organizational commitment, and leader effectiveness. First, we extend LMX’s mediational impact—which has previously only been tested for employee outcomes—to leader effectiveness. Second, we argue that this mediation will be stronger for outcomes that are more proximal rather than distal to dyadic relations between leader and followers (high proximity: job satisfaction; medium proximity: organizational commitment; low proximity: leader effectiveness). Meta-analytic structural equation modelling based on 132 studies revealed that LMX mediates TFL’s relationships with employee outcomes (more strongly for job satisfaction than for commitment), but not with leader effectiveness, whereas TFL showed a stronger direct link to leader effectiveness. The findings suggest that TLF and LMX contribute differentially to organizational outcomes depending on their proximity to dyadic relations between leaders and followers. The differential impact model uncovers leadership effectiveness processes, integrates influential leadership theories, and highlights the importance of distinguishing between different outcome measures and the processes facilitating them. 相似文献
22.
Astrid Schütz 《欧洲人格杂志》1998,12(3):169-186
Based on retrospective self-reports, strategies of coping with threats to self-esteem in close relationships were investigated in a sample of 412 adults in south-west Germany. Results indicate that self-esteem was negatively associated with experiencing failure or criticism as a threat to self-esteem. There was a positive association between participants' self-esteem and their self-reported tendency to approach the problem optimistically and act in a rational manner. Self-esteem was negatively associated with feeling dependent on the partner and with treating the partner in a hostile way. As far as women were concerned, self-esteem was also positively related to coping effectiveness. In the case of men the results were less clear. It is suggested that the self-defeating coping style associated with low self-esteem may be self-perpetuating. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
23.
THE WORLDWIDE BURDEN OF INFANT MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL DISORDER: REPORT OF THE TASK FORCE OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR INFANT MENTAL HEALTH
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Karlen Lyons‐Ruth Jody Todd Manly Kai Von Klitzing Tuula Tamminen Robert Emde Hiram Fitzgerald Campbell Paul Miri Keren Astrid Berg Maree Foley Hisako Watanabe 《Infant mental health journal》2017,38(6):695-705
Children worldwide experience mental and emotional disorders. Mental disorders occurring among young children, especially infants (birth –3 years), often go unrecognized. Prevalence rates are difficult to determine because of lack of awareness and difficulty assessing and diagnosing young children. Existing data, however, suggest that rates of disorders in young children are comparable to those of older children and adolescents (von Klitzing, Dohnert, Kroll, & Grube, 2015 ). The lack of widespread recognition of disorders of infancy is particularly concerning due to the unique positioning of infancy as foundational in the developmental process. Both the brain and behavior are in vulnerable states of development across the first 3 years of life, with potential for enduring deviations to occur in response to early trauma and deprivation. Intervention approaches for young children require sensitivity to their developmental needs within their families. The primacy of infancy as a time of unique foundational risks for disorder, the impact of trauma and violence on young children's development, the impact of family disruption on children's attachment, and existing literature on prevalence rates of early disorders are discussed. Finally, global priorities for addressing these disorders of infancy are highlighted to support prevention and intervention actions that may alleviate suffering among our youngest world citizens. 相似文献
24.
The manual describes the psychotherapeutic procedure for somatizing patients who are admitted to hospital for diagnostics and therapy of unclear physical complaints. An essential goal of the psychotherapeutic interventions is to achieve an understanding for the disease, in which body, psyche and social relationships are experienced as interrelated. By addressing the health fears and subjective concepts about the onset and maintenance of his physical complaints, the patient feels that he is being taken seriously and understood. Connections between physical symptoms and the suppression of undesirable affects like anger, rage and disappointment are verbalized and understood in greater depth, based on body perception exercises and a symptom diary. The positive experience of understanding and symptom relief obtained in the psychotherapeutic sessions is used for the main goal of the intervention: to motivate the (out- and in-)patient for a regular psychotherapy. Experience up to now has shown that three to five sequential sessions of about 45–60 minutes suffice to attain this therapy goal. Implementation is most successful within an established consultant or liaison service in close cooperation with the ward doctors. 相似文献
25.
Astrid Riehl-Emde 《Psychotherapeut》2004,15(4):110-118
Streitende Paare, die in destruktiven Kommunikationsmustern gefangen sind lösen oft schwierige Situationen in einer Paartherapie aus. Die Kommunikationsmuster reichen von verbalen Entwertungen und Beschimpfungen bis hin zu gewalttätigen Auseinandersetzungen. Damit der Therapeut bzw. die Therapeutin handlungsfähig bleiben, müssen sie über Erklärungsmodelle zur Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung destruktiver Interaktionszirkel verfügen. Darüber hinaus benötigen sie Handwerkszeug und konkrete Interventionsmöglichkeiten zur Deeskalation bzw. zur Unterbrechung dieser destruktiven Muster. 相似文献
26.
There has been a resurgence of interest in the rehabilitation of offenders. Research has consistently shown that rehabilitation programs for offenders, when they adhere to general principles of program design and delivery, will achieve significant reductions in recidivism. In this paper, we suggest that even greater reductions in recidivism can be achieved when readiness is addressed at the level of the individual offender, the program, and the context. A comprehensive understanding of readiness allows for fuller engagement in treatment, thus increasing probability of good treatment outcomes. We describe person, program, and context factors in a model of offender treatment readiness and discuss implications of the model for both assessment of offenders and for modification of low readiness. 相似文献
27.
This very brief report introduces a psychometric function, very suitable for psychophysical data that displays Weber-like behaviour, because it is antisymmetric on a logarithmic scale. 相似文献
28.
Images from the nanoworld are not at all disorienting or bewildering, as one might expect from contemplating the strange and
surprising features that arise where classical physics comes to an end and quantum effects begin to appear. Instead, we see
the traces of explorers in a world that appears to be infinitely malleable. The paper shows that the capability to visualize
processes and phenomena at the nanoscale is a matter not only of research technologies and the advancement of observational
techniques, but also a matter of developing a visual setting that exhibits knowledge and practice, surprise and control. The
surface is such a stage and so is the landscape: they invite us to become immersed and move around like someone who goes for
a walk. In order to appreciate this pictorial, as well as discursive, setting we turn to “strollology” as a method of reconstructing
the world that is experienced in the manner of walking. With the notion of imagescape this method is applied to the modes
of partaking in the nanoworld and its specific features. Rather than articulate theoretical or metaphysical presuppositions
these nanoscapes serve to validate the very idea of nanotechnology. 相似文献
29.
Three adult male sex offenders with developmental disabilities participated in an evaluation of presession factors that may influence levels of sexual arousal measured with a penile plethysmograph. We evaluated the effects of presession masturbation (1 participant) and arousal-suppression strategies (2 participants). Results showed that presession masturbation lowered arousal levels and both participants suppressed arousal to varying degrees. These outcomes suggest the potential for consideration and manipulation of presession factors as treatment components for sex offenders with developmental disabilities. 相似文献
30.
The question of whether Jungian analysts should move beyond the consulting room to engage with mental health issues that pertain to the collective is the focus of this paper. Two narratives are presented: one from the view point of a psychiatrist in Occupied Palestine, the other from the conflicted situation which faces an Israeli analyst. Despite the strong ambivalence that is experienced on both sides, there is a willingness to meet and to take a standpoint without necessarily coming to a resolution. A third position is offered by describing experiences from the South African perspective. The African notion of Ubuntu is offered as a moral entry point that states that community goes beyond one's own; from this point of view, Jungian analysts can do no other than to act. 相似文献